1920s ' 20sTwenties ") was a decade that began on January 1, 1920, and ended on December 31, 1929. In America, it is frequently referred to as the "Roaring Twenties " or the "Jazz Age ", while in Europe the period is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Twenties " because of the economic boom following World War I (1914–1918). French speakers refer to the period as the "Années folles " ("crazy years"), emphasizing the era's social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.
Venezuela , which became the world's second-largest oil-producing nation. The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America and Europe. In the Soviet Union , the New Economic Policy was created by the Bolsheviks in 1921, to be replaced by the first five-year plan in 1928. The 1920s saw the rise of radical political movements, with the Red Army triumphing against White movement forces in the Russian Civil War , and the emergence of far-right political movements in Europe. In 1922, the fascist leader Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy . Other dictators that emerged included Józef Piłsudski in Poland , and Peter and Alexander Karađorđević in Yugoslavia . First-wave feminism made advances, with women gaining the right to vote in the United States (1920), Albania (1920), Ireland (1921), and with suffrage being expanded in Britain to all women over 21 years old (1928).
Turkish War of Independence , leading to the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), a treaty more favorable to Turkey than the earlier proposed Treaty of Sèvres . The war also led to the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate . Nationalist revolts also occurred in Ireland (1919–1921) and Syria (1925–1927) . Under Mussolini, Italy pursued a more aggressive domestic and foreign policy, leading to the nigh-eradication of the Sicilian Mafia and the Second Italo-Senussi War in Libya respectively. In 1927, China erupted into a civil war between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China (ROC) and forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Civil wars also occurred in Paraguay (1922–1923) , Ireland (1922–1923) , Honduras (1924) , Nicaragua (1926–1927) , and Afghanistan (1928–1929) . Saudi forces conquered Jabal Shammar and subsequently, Hejaz .
famine occurred in Russia (1921–1922) due to the combined effects of economic disturbance because of the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War , exacerbated by rail systems that could not distribute food efficiently, leading to 5 million deaths. Another severe famine occurred in China (1928–1930), leading to 6 million deaths. The Spanish flu pandemic (1918–1920) and Russian typhus epidemic (1918–1922), which had begun in the previous decade, caused 25–50 million and 2–3 million deaths respectively. Major natural disasters of this decade include the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (258,707~273,407 deaths), 1922 Shantou typhoon (50,000–100,000 deaths), 1923 Great Kantō earthquake (105,385–142,800 deaths), and 1927 Gulang earthquake (40,912 deaths).
Silent films were popular in this decade, with the highest-grossing film of this decade being either the American silent epic adventure -drama film Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ war drama film The Big Parade Sinclair Lewis was a popular author in the United States in the 1920s, with his books Main Street Elmer Gantry The Good Soldier Švejk Mack the Knife " and "Tiptoe Through the Tulips ".
During the 1920s, the world population increased from 1.87 to 2.05 billion, with approximately 700 million births and 525 million deaths in total. (Full article...
In the United States , the Great Depression began with the Wall Street Crash of October 1929 and then spread worldwide. The nadir came in 1931–1933, and recovery came in 1940. The stock market crash marked the beginning of a decade of high unemployment , poverty, low profits, deflation , plunging farm incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth as well as for personal advancement. Altogether, there was a general loss of confidence in the economic future.
The usual explanations include numerous factors, especially high consumer debt , ill-regulated markets that permitted overoptimistic loans by banks and investors, and the lack of high-growth new industries. These all interacted to create a downward economic spiral of reduced spending, falling confidence and lowered production.
Industries that suffered the most included construction, shipping, mining, logging, and agriculture. Also hard hit was the manufacturing of durable goods like automobiles and appliances, whose purchase consumers could postpone. The economy hit bottom in the winter of 1932–1933; then came four years of growth until the
recession of 1937–1938 brought back high levels of unemployment. (
Full article... )
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The following are images from various 1920s-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Irving Berlin (left) and
Al Jolson ,
c. 1927 (from
1920s )
Image 2 From left, clockwise:
Third Tipperary Brigade Flying Column No. 2 under
Seán Hogan during the
Irish War of Independence ; Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in accordance to the
18th amendment , which made
alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States throughout the entire decade; In 1927, Charles Lindbergh embarks on the first solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris on the
Spirit of St. Louis ; A crowd gathering on
Wall Street after the
1929 stock market crash , which led to the
Great Depression ;
Benito Mussolini and
fascist Blackshirts during the
March on Rome in 1922; the
People's Liberation Army attacking government defensive positions in
Shandong , during the
Chinese Civil War ; The
women's suffrage campaign leads to
numerous countries granting women the
right to vote and be elected;
Babe Ruth becomes the most famous baseball player of the time. (from
1920s )
Image 3 The
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) is created in 1922. (from
1920s )
Image 4 Buster Keaton in the 1922 short film
The Frozen North (from
1920s )
Image 6 The period from the end of the First World War until the start of the Depression in 1929 is known as the "
Jazz Age " (from
1920s )
Image 7 George Grosz in 1921 (from
1920s )
Image 8 Babe Ruth in 1920 (from
1920s )
Image 9 Georgia O'Keeffe in 1920, photographed by
Alfred Stieglitz (from
1920s )
Image 10 Albert Einstein , 1921 (from
1920s )
Image 11 2 out of 10 best-selling American books in the 1920s were written by
Sinclair Lewis (1885–1951) (from
1920s )
Image 13 Crowd gathering after the
Wall Street Crash of 1929 (from
1920s )
Image 14 D. W. Griffith at a rolltop desk, c. 1925 (from
1920s )
Image 16 Robert Goddard and his rocket, 1926 (from
1920s )
Image 17 The most memorable fashion trend of the Roaring Twenties was undoubtedly "the
flapper " look. (from
1920s )
Image 18 Prohibition agents emptying barrels of alcohol. (from
1920s )
Image 19 Map of the world from 1920, two years after World War I (from
1920s )
Image 22 Charlie Chaplin during the 1920s (from
1920s )
Image 23 Spanish troops in
San Sebastián , prior to their departure to the
Rif War . (from
1920s )
Image 24 1920s phone (from
1920s )
Image 25 Thompson submachine gun (1921 model) (from
1920s )
Image 26 Adolf Hitler (standing) delivers a speech in February 1925 (from
1920s )
Image 27 Dow Jones Industrial , 1928–1930 (from
1920s )
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