User talk:Nepaheshgar/NameAAA

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This stub was written for the article history of the name Azerbaijan. Basically there was a conflict about history with this regard and how and when the current republic of Azerbaijan obtained the name Azerbaijan. The article was created so that all differing POV's are pushed into one article in order to stop edit warring over 10s of articles with this regard. Overall, we should respect the members of each country on how they want to call themselves. So as an Iranian I respect the term "Republic of Azerbaijan"(Caucasian Azerbaijan) but I do not like the political term "South Azerbaijan" for the correct term Iranian Azerbaijan, which was created in the 20th century. I fixed up the article based on primary sources here making it NPOV as possible. That is I allowed scholars to do the talking and wiki-users not to put their own differing opinion. This actually conformed with Wikipedia's policy. This is the latest version which is NPOV and correct. [[7]]

My overall view on the matter is that the name Azerbaijan was very rarely (almost never) used for the north of Araxes (with the exception of perhaps some bordering areas like Naxchivan) and indeed three important Caucasian sources like Mirza Jamal, Mirza Adigozal Beg (three people who actually lived in Caucusia and were of Azeri origin) which I did not bring to the article use Azerbaijan only for the south of Aras. About the naming of the country, Swietchowski says: "For all the built-in pitfalls in Russian administrative reforms, it was also apparent that these reforms enhanced its internal consolidation of Azerbaijan in at least two important respects: the dismantling of Khanates weakened deeply rooted local particularisms, and the formation of the two guberniaas of Eastern Transcaucasia resulted in territorial block that the “Shirvanis” or “Arranis” would regard as the core of their homeland. Even the term Azerbaijan, although seldom used for the territory north of Araxes, began to appear in the works of European scholars or journalists." On the other hand Barthold/Diakonov say: "Shirvan is not used that way, to encompass the territory of the now day Azerbaijan Republic. Shirvan is "not that big" with the main city of Shemakha, cities like Ganja and others were never part of Shirvan, and whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the republic of Azerbaijan, the name Aran can be chosen. But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created, it was assumed that this and the Persian Azerbaijan will be one entity, because the population of both has a big similarity. On this basis, the word Azerbaijan was chosen. Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic, its confusing and a questions rises as to which Azerbaijan is being talked about." And Minorsky says: "Historically the territory of the republic corresponds to the Albania of the classical authors (Strabo, xi, 4; Ptolemy, v, 11), or in Armenian Alvan-k, and in Arabic Arran. The part of the republic lying north of the Kur (Kura) formed the kingdom of Sharwan (later Shirwan). After the collapse of the Imperial Russian army Baku was protectively occupied by the Allies (General Dunsterville, 17 August-14 September 1918) on behalf of Russia . The Turkish troops under Nuri Pasha occupied Baku on 15 September 1918 and reorganized the former province under the name of Azarbayd̲j̲ān—as it was explained, in view of the similarity of its Turkish-speaking population with the Turkish-speaking population of the Persian province of Ādharbaydjān". Dr. George Bourtounian (he was not mentioned due to the current NK conflict which hopefully oneday will be resolved peacefully):"Although Azerbaijan was a geographical entity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the term was only used to identify the province in northwest Persia. The Safavids, at one time, for revenue purposes, included some of the lands north of the Arax river as part of the province of Azerbaijan. This practice gradually fell out of use after the fall of Safavids. To Mirza Jamal and Mirza Adigozal Beg, as well as other eighteen century and ninteenth-century authors, Azerbaijan referred to the region located south of the Arax river". Indeed European maps of the era show only one Azerbaijan. An interesting exception was recently brought by a source from British Consular named "Keith Abbot". But here are my criticism of Abbot's source.

1) Abbott's letter is not official relative to British or Russian government. It is in a non-official magazine. Most importantly it states on the first-line: "The country known to the Persians as Azerbaijan is divided between them and Russia , the latter Power possessing about five-eighths of the whole". But he does not state which Persian sources state this. The Qajars did not have a "country" also known as Azerbaijan. Mamalek Khorasan, Fars, Araq, Azerbaijan simply meant land. I can almost 99% verify that there is no Persian or Persian language source that has considered some of these territories like Abkhazia as part of Azerbaijan. If anyone knows a Persian source that considers western territories of Georgia as Azerbaijan, I would appreciate it. 2) Keith Abbot basically was not a scientist/historian and his letter in a very out-dated issue of 1864 describing Atropatene is also wrong. Unfortunately he does not state the Persian source he is referring to. We should check actual official British data rather than a "Persian source" with this regard at that time. There is not a British map from that era that calls the territory beyond Aras as “Russian Azerbaijan” . Specially one that encompasses modern republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and George. 3) Some of the Caucusia sources, for example Bakikhanov, Mirza ‘Alabedin Shirvani Mirza Jamal and Mirza Adigozal Beg are clear that native Caucasians considered Azerbaijan not as part of the Caucasia. 4) He includes Georgia and Armenia as Azerbaijan. There is not a single source that considers Georgia and Azerbaijan as the same. 5) He claims that "Russian Azerbaijan" is bigger than Persian Azerbaijan. This is unanimously disproved. 6) He says "The country included in these boundaries and, perhaps a large part, if not all, of Russian Azerbaijan recognized as Medea Atropotena in ancient geography". All historians concur that Atropotena did not include any portion of the Caucasus. It did not definitely have all of Georgia, Armenia and republic of Azerbaijan. 7) The Caucasus at the time was divided into governorates. in 1863, the territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan was split up into the following governorates: Baku Governorate, Elisabethpol Governorate, Erivan Governorate. The Russians never used the term “Russian Azerbaijan” for Georgia, Armenia and republic of Azerbaijan. 8) Abbott says:”The Russian division is bounded to the north and northeast by the mountains of Caucasus, extending to the vicinity of Bakou on the Caspian. In the West, it has the provinces of Imeretia, Mingrelia, Gooriel and Ahiska (now belonging to Russia);" Megrelia is in northern Georgia: Mingrelia. Furthermore, Abbot makes several errors.. He claims Atropatene was equally shared between the Caucasus and Iran, where as no modern historian says this. This is false. He claims all of Armenia and large portions of Georgia as Azerbaijan, no other map has done that. The name Azerbaijani by itself is a ethnonym from the last century in the Caucusus. Even if Armenia had a large Azerbaijani speaking population, at that time they were not called Azerbaijani. He also claims that Russian Azerbaijan is bigger than Iranian Azerbaijan, we know this is not true as the Qajar had only 4 provinces in Iran and one of them was Azerbaijan.

So overall my take on the issue is that the name Azerbaijan for above the Aras river is new and perhaps it was chosen politically. I believe the name Arran in the Persian/Turkish language and Caucasian Albania in English would have been more appropriate. At the same time, I respect the right of any group to call their land whatever they want. Thankfully the admins have also said that all dispute with this regard is to go into that article and the correct terms in Wikipedia are republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. This is also a good way to diffuse artificial tension.



This is part of the sources I collected a while back which most or all of them were incorporated in [8].


Azerbaijan is the name used by the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Iranian region of Azerbaijan. This name is originated from pre-Islamic history of Persia, derived from Atropates, an Iranian satrap (governor). The article covers the etymology of this term and also territorial regions that utilized this name in the historical sense as well as in modern times. test 1 2 3

Etymology and usage[edit]

The name Azerbaijan itself is thought to be derived from Atropates,[1] the Satrap (governor) of Media in the Achaemenid empire, who ruled a region found in modern Iranian Azarbaijan called Atropatene.[2] Atropates name is believed to be derived from the Old Persian roots meaning "protected by fire."[3] The name is also mentioned in the Avestan Frawardin Yasht: âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide which translates literally to: We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atare-pata.[4]. َAccording to the Encyclopedia of Islam, the name of the province was pronounced as: In Middle Persian the name of the province was called Āturpātākān, older new-Persian Ādharbādhagān آذربادگان/آذرآبادگان, Ādharbāyagān, at present Āzerbāydjān/Āzarbāydjān, Greek ᾿Ατροπατήνη, Byzantine Greek ᾿Αδραβιγάνων, Armenian Atrapatakan,Syriac Ad̲h̲orbāyg̲h̲ān.[5]


Pre-Islamic Era[edit]

Strabo in Book 11[6]

Strabo in Book 11[7]

Strabo in Book 11[8]

Shapour's inscription also lists the provinces of Sassanid Iran. According to Encyclopedia Britannica which quotes Shapour's inscription[9]:

Islamic Era[edit]

Ibn Muqaffa (d. 760) a Muslim or Zoroastrian scholar and translator of Persian background is quoted by Ibn Nadeem (d. 988) as incorporating the region of Azerbaijan into the Fahla[10]:

Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Masudi(896-956), the Arab historian states:

[11]


Ahmad ibn Yaqubi (d. 897) in his work Al-Buldan (The Countries) writes[12]

Ahmad ibn Yaqubi (d. 897) in his work Al-Tarikh (The History) writes[13]:


Ahmad ibn Yaqubi quoted by the Arabian historian Abul Fida has stated:[14]

Ibn Hawqal (943-977), the 10th century Arabian traveler writes[15]:

Muhammad ibn Ahmad Al-Muqaddasi (b. 945) lists the cities of Azerbaijan and Armenia and Aran:[16]


Bala'mi(946-973), the 10th century Persian court chronicler of Samanids, translated an abridged version of Tabari's history into Persian and wrote his own additional comments. He states[17]:

Bala'ami also states:[18]


Ibn Rusta, a 9th/10th century Persian explorer and geographer writes in his famous book al-A'laq Al-Nafisah:[19] :

Fakhr ad-din Asad Gorgani, a 11th century poet, who rhymed the pre-Islamic story of Vis o Ramin into new persian poetry, mentions Azerbaijan, Armenia and Aran[20]:


Ibn al-Athir on the Mongol invasions(1163-1233):



Zakariya ibn Muhammad Qazvini(1208/1209-1283/1284), the writer of Athar Al-Bilad wa Akhbar al-'ibad writes[22]:



Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 1229) in his Mu'jam al-Buldan:

[23]


Hamdullah Mustawfi(1281-1349 A.D), Persian chronicler who worked for the Ilkhanid administration and was familiar with administrative affairs of his time writes: [24]:

The 17th century Persian dictionary/quasi-encyclopedia Burhan Qati' under the words Aras and Aran gives two definitions[25]


Modern (18th, 19th, and 20th centuries)[edit]

William Jones, a English Historian and translator of Mirza Muhammad Mahdi Khan Astrabadi's Tarikh-i Jahangusha-yi Naderi writes in the preface[26]:


.




Keith Abbot, British Consular General in Persia in a memorandom writes:


[27]


1890 - Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, states the following in the article called "Azerbeijan":


1911 - Encyclopaedia Britannica, states the following in the article called "Azerbaijan":


European map makers also have drawn maps from this era. [30][31]

Azerbaijan as the name of an independent republic[edit]

Main article: Azerbaijan

Tadsuez Swietchowski comments on the Czarist reforms[32]:

With the collapse of Tsarist Russia in 1917, the Musavat Party met in Tbilisi on May 28, 1918 and proclaimed independence of their country with the name Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Tadsuez Swietchowski also comments on the Iranian reaction[33]:

Terminology Today[edit]

Today the name Azerbaijan denotes both the republic of Azerbaijan and unofficially, the north western provinces of Iran, which are East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan. During the soviet error, the name ‘’Southern Azerbaijan’’ was created and propagated throughout the USSR[34] and the USSR officially supported separatism [35] in East Azerbaijan province as separation of Kurdish regions under the name Mahabad Kurdish republic in West Azerbaijan province. Today, the nomenclature South Azerbaijan is used by some western sources as well as some groups advocating separatism of Iranian Azerbaijan[36]. At the same time, the heavily Kurdish populated province of west Azerbaijan in Iran has also been called East Kurdistan(Rojhelat) by some Kurdish political groups and this nomenclature has also been used by some western sources.[37]. Some Armenian political groups have also marked parts of Iranian Azerbaijan as greater Armenia and the term ‘’Greater Armenia’’ has been used by some academic sources to refer to portions of Iranian Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijani people[edit]

See also: Azerbaijani people

Historically the Turkic-speaking people of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Caucasus often called themselves or were referred to by some neighbouring peoples (e.g. Persians) as Turks, and religious identification prevailed over ethnic identification. When Transacaucasia became part of the Russian empire, Russian authorities, who traditionally called all Turkic people Tatars, called Azeris Aderbeijani/Azerbaijani or Caucasian Tatars to distinguish them from other Turkic people, also called Tatars by Russians.[38] Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary also refers to Azerbaijanis as Aderbeijans in some articles.[39] According to the article Turko-Tatars of the above encyclopedia, “some scholars (Yadrintsev, Kharuzin, Shantr) suggested to change the terminology of some Turko-Tatar people, who somatically don’t have much in common with Turks, for instance, to call Aderbaijani Tatars (Iranians by type) Aderbaijans”.[40] The modern ethnonym Azerbaijani/Azeri in its present form was accepted in 1930s.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Atroapates. Encyclopedia Iranica. [1]
  2. ^ Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins, ISBN 0-8108-3550-9 (retrieved 07 June 2006).
  3. ^ Encyclopædia Iranica, "ATROPATES" M. L. Chaumont.
  4. ^ FRAWARDIN YASHT ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels") Translated by James Darmesteter (From Sacred Books of the East, American Edition, 1898)
  5. ^ Minorsky, V.; Minorsky, V. "Azerbaijan" Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P.Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill
  6. ^ Strabo, Geography [2]
  7. ^ Strabo, Geography, [3]
  8. ^ Strabo, Geography, [4]
  9. ^ Iran, ancient." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 May 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32148>
  10. ^ Kitab al-Fihrist mit Anmerkungen hrsg. von Gustav Flügel, t vols., Leipzig 1871. Original Arabic: فأما الفهلوية فمنسوب إلى فهله اسم يقع على خمسة بلدان وهي أصفهان والري وهمدان وماه نهاوند وأذربيجان
  11. ^ (Al Mas'udi, Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf, De Goeje, M.J. (ed.), Leiden, Brill, 1894, pp. 77-8)
  12. ^ Yaʻqūbī, Aḥmad ibn Abī Yaʻqūb, d. 897?, Les pays, tr. par Gaston Wiet. Publications de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire. Textes et traductions d’auteurs orientaux ; t. 1, Le Caire, 1937.
  13. ^ Ibn-Wadhih qui dicitur al-Jaʻqubi historiae. Edidit indicesque adjecit M. Th. Houtsma, Leiden, E. J. Brill, l969., pg 203
  14. ^ Yaʻqubi, Aḥmad ibn Abi Yaʻqub, d. 897?, Les pays, tr. par Gaston Wiet.,Publications de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire. Textes et traductions d’auteurs orientaux ; t. 1, Le Caire, 1937. pg 232
  15. ^ Muhammad ibn Haukal, The Oriental Geography of Ebn Haukal, an Arabian Traveller of the Tenth Century , Translated by William Ouseley,Adamant Media Corporation, 2001, pages 156-165 (description of Armenia, Aran and Azerbaijan)
  16. ^ Al-Muqaddasi, ‘The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions’, a translation of his Ahsan at-taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim by B.A. Collins, Centre for Muslim Contribution to Civilization, Garnet Publishing Limited,1994, pg 329-331 [5]Original Arabic from www.alwaraq.net which has Muqaddasi online: فأما الران فإنها تكون نحو الثلث من الإقليم في مثل جزيرة بين البحيرة ونهر الرس ونهر الملك يشمقها طولاً، قصبتها برذعة ومن مدنها: تفليس، القلعة، خنان، شمكور، جنزة، يرديج، الشما خية، شروان، باكوه، الشا بران، باب الأبواب،الأبخان، قبلة، شكي، ملازكرد، تبلا. وأما أرمينية فإنها كورة جليلة رسمها أرميني بن كنظر بن يافث بن نوح ومنها ترتفع الستور والزلالي الرفيعة كثيرة الخصائص قصبتها دبيل ومن مدنها: بدليس، خلاط، أرجيش، بركري، خوي، سلماس، أرمية، داخرقان، مراغة، أهر، مرند، سنجان، قاليقلا، قندرية، قلعة يونس، نورين. وأما آذربيجان فإنها كورة اختطها اذرباذ بن بيوراسف بن الأسود بن سام بن نوح عليه السلام قصبتها وهي مصر الإقليم أردبيل بها جبل مساحته مائة وأربعون فرسخاً كله قرى ومزارع يقال أن به سبعين لساناً كثرة خيرات أردبيل منه. أكثر بيوتهم تحت الأرض ومن مدنها: رسبة، تبريز، جابروان، خونج، الميا نج، السراة، بروى، ورثان، موقان، ميمذ، برزند. فإن زعم زاعم أن بدليس من إقليم أقور واستدل بأنها كانت في ولايات بني حمدان أجيب بأنه لما ادعاها أهل الإقليمين جعلناها من هذا لانا وجدنا لها نظيراً في الاسم وهي تفليس، وأما الولايات فليست حجة في هذا الباب الا ترى أن سيف الدولة كانت له قنسرين والرقة ولم يقل أحد أن الرقة من الشام.
  17. ^ Bal'ami, Abu Ali Muhammad. Tarikh Ba'lami. Mohammad Gonabadi in accordance with the corrected edition of Bahar. Second Edition, Tehran, Zavar Publishers, 1974. Volume I, pg 48-49 Original Persian: زمين مغرب و روم و سقلاب و آذربايگان و اران و كرج تماميت مرسلم را داد و او را قيصر نام كرد.
  18. ^ Abu Alimuhammad ibne Muhammad Bal’ami; Tarikhnaame Tabari, Volume 1, Tehran 1366 (1987), Xabare gushaadane Azerbaijan ve Darbande Khazaran (The news of conquer of Azerbaijan and Darband), page 529.
  19. ^ Abi Ali Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Rustah, al-A'laq Al-Nafisah, Tab'ah 1,Bayrut : Dar al-Kutub al-ʻIlmiyah, 1998, pg 96-98
  20. ^ Mohammad, Vis o Ramin, Critical edition with introduction and commentary, Seda Muasir Publishers, Tehran, 2001 منبع: ويس و رامين با مقدمه و تصحيح و تحشيه‌ي محمد روشن، انتشارات صداي معاصر ،تهران ۱۳۸۱ جهان در دست ويس دلستان بود / وليكن خاصش آذربايگان بود هميدون كشور ارّان و ارمن / سراسر بد به دست آن سمن‌تن (بخش ۱۲۴:نشستن رامين بر تخت پادشاهي، ص ۳۶۹)
  21. ^ On the Tartars by Ibn al-Athir, from Edward G. Browne, A Literary History of Persia, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1902), Vol. II, pp. 427-431.
  22. ^ Qazwini, Zakariyya ibn Muhammad.Bayrut : Dār Bayrūt, 1984, pg 284: Original Arabic: آذربیجان: ناحیة واسعة بین قهستان و اران
  23. ^ Shihab al-Din ibn ʻAbd Allah Yaqut ibn ʻAbd Allah al-Hamawi al-Rumi al-Baghdadi, Muʻjam al-buldan, Bayrut : Dar Ṣadir, 1984 Original Arabic under Fahlaw for the first quote: فَهْلَو: بالفتح ثم السكون ولام ويقال فهلة. قال حمزة الأصبهاني في كتاب التنبيه كان كلام الفرس قديماً يجري على خمسة ألسنة وهي الفهلوية والدرية والفارسية والخوزية والسريانية فأما الفهلوية فكان يجري بها كلام الملوك في مجالسهم وهي لغة منسوبة إلى فهلة. وهو اسم يقع على خمسة بلدان أصبهان والري وهمذان وماء نهاوند وأذربيجان، Original Arabic for the second quote: أرانُ: بالفتح وتشديد الراء وألف ونون، إسمَ أعجمي لولاية واسعة وبلاد كثيرة منها جَنزة وهي التي تسميها العامة كَنجة وبرذَعة وشَمكور وبَيلَقان وبين أذربيجان وأزان نهر يقال له الرس كلما جاورهُ من ناحية المغرب والشمال فهو من أران وما كان من جهة المشرق فهو من أذربيجان. Original Arabic for the third quote: بل أذر اسم النار بالفهلوية وبايكان معناه الحافظ والخازن فكان معناه بيت النار أو خازن النار وهذا أشبه بالحق وأحرى به لأن بيوت النار في هذه الناحية كانت كثيرة جداً، وحد أذربيجان من برزذَعة مشرقاً إلى أرزنجان مغرباً ويتصل حدها من جهة الشمال ببلاد الديلم والجيل والطرم وهو إقليم واسع ومن مشهور مدائنها تبريز وهي اليوم قصبتها وأكبر مُدُنها وكانت قصبتها قديما المراغة ومن مدنها خُوَي وسَلماس وأرمية وأردَبيل ومَرَند وغير ذلك،
  24. ^ The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Allāh Mustawfī of Qazwīn in 740 (1340), edited and translated by G. Le Strange and printed for the trustees of the "E. J. W. Gibb memorial.
  25. ^ Muhammad Husayn Ibn Khalaf Tabrizi, Muʾassasah-ʾi Maṭbu'ati- Faridun-i 'Ilmi Burhan, 1965. Original Persian for Aras: ارس بفتح اول و ثانی و سکون سين بی نقطه نام رود خانه ای است مشهور که از کنار تفليس و مابين آذربايجان و آران می گذرد. Original Persian for Aran: ولایتی است ازآذربایجان که گنجه و بردع از اعمال آن است
  26. ^ William Jones, Esq., The history of the life of Nader Shah, King of , Prinded by J. Richardson, MDCCLXXIII (1773)
  27. ^ Extracts from a Memorandum on the Country of Azerbaijan By Keith E. Abbott, Esq., H.M. Consul-General in Persia . [Communicated by the Foreign Office.] Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 8, No. 6. (1863 - 1864), pp.275-279.
  28. ^ (in Russian) Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Azerbeijan". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907
  29. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911 edition, "Azerbaijan" Azerbaijan in Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911
  30. ^ Map showing the region north of Iran's Caucasus border as Georgia
  31. ^ [6] 1837 Malte-Brun Map of Persia & Arabia ( Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Jordan ) map showing most of the caucas republic of Azerbaian as Sherwan,
  32. ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. pg 16
  33. ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. pg 69
  34. ^ Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications", Praeger/Greenwood, 1998. pg 61
  35. ^ ""Cold War International History Project 1945-46 Iranian Crisis"".
  36. ^ Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications", Praeger/Greenwood, 1998. pg 61
  37. ^ Alessandra Galié, Development in Syria, Kurdish Human Rights Project, pg 49
  38. ^ (in Russian) Demoscope Weekly. Alphabetical list of people, living in the Russian empire, 1895.
  39. ^ (in Russian) Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Turks". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907
  40. ^ (in Russian) Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Turko-Tatars". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907
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