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Change of names[edit]

Geographical names given after Turkic dominance and Turkification [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] of the peoples of the region were changed en masse back to their original Armenian, Caucasian Albanian, and mostly-Iranian-sourced names, which were shared in use by the original inhabitants of the area because it was entirely consolidated under the Median and then Achaemenid Iranian Empires, but Iranian names were most common. Additionally, all being Indo-European languages, many are also cognates. These names existed long before Turkic migration,[18] [19] [20] [21] specifically that of the Oghuz (whose original homeland was the Jeti-su area,[22] [23] south of Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan near the border with China -very near to the area where Turkic Uyghurs are experiencing genocide today- and who did not migrate westward from out of that area until after the historical conflict of the 8th Century CE with the Karluk allies of the Uyghurs after the conquest of the Transoxiana region by the Chinese Tang Dynasty, when the Karluk Turks later rose in rebellion in 745 and became allies to the Uygur and Basmyl Turkic tribes and was recorded by Chinese historians. After which, the first Oghuz Yabgu State was created, [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] still thousands of kilometers away from modern Azerbaijan in 750 CE between the Caspian and Aral seas on the territories of modern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan), which did not occur south, west, or southwest of the Caspian Sea until the 10th Century,[34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [18] [39] [40] [20] [41] [42] [21] hundreds of years after the establishment and habitation of the peoples and kingdoms of the territory of Transcaucasia, a portion of which that now makes up the country of Azerbaijan, when they entered into the Kingdom of Caucasian Albania[43] [44] which was founded 1,100 years earlier than the appearance of Oghuz Turkic people in the 2nd Century BCE; into the the Kingdom of Armenia[45][46][47] which was founded 1,431 years earlier than the appearance of Oghuz Turkic people in the year 321 BCE -as an autonomous vassal satrapy/kingdom first to the Iranian Median Empire and then the Achaemenid Empire of Iran; and into Arran,[48] [49] as the area was called at the time when Oghuz Turks first appeared, hundreds of years after Christianization of the Caucasus, during the Islamic Sajid Dynasty of Iran,[a] [50] [51] [52] [b] all of which have been occupied by Indo Europeans and Iranian tribes since prehistoric times, in this case thousands of years before the appearance of Oghuz Turkic people, when the region was governed by intermarried and related ruling noble families that all spoke Indo European languages, whereas Turkic languages are either an independent language family or belong to the Altaic Language Family along with Korean, Mongolian, and Japonic languages.[53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] In the 9th century, the Oghuz from the Aral steppes drove Pechenegs from the Emba and Ural River region toward the west. In the 10th century, they inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su, Turgai, and Emba to the north of Lake Balkhash inside modern Kazakhstan.[66] A clan of this nation, the Seljuks, embraced Islam and in the 11th century entered Persia and founded the Great Seljuk Empire.[67] [c]

Many place names in the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan have Persian roots. Tabriz is borrowed from Old Tati/Old Azeri, which is an extinct Iranian Language, the name derives from tap-riz 'flowing hot', from the many thermal springs in the area. [70] [71] Other sources[72][73] claim that in 246 BCE, to avenge his brother's death, king Tiridates II of Armenia repelled Ardashir I of the Sassanid Empire and changed the name of the city from Iranian Shahistan to Tau-vris, derived from "ta-vrezh" "this revenge" in Grabar. In AD 297, 6 hundred years before Turkic Migration, it became the capital of Tiridates III, King of Arsacid Armenia.[74] [75] The Cambridge History of Iran[76] points to a connection between the "ancient [pre-Iranian] stronghold of Tarui-Tarmakisa"[77] [78](or Tarwi-Tarwakisa)[79][80][81][82], which existed in the 8th century BC,[83][84] and of Caucasian Albanian origin directly.[85]

The first mention of Baku was in 885, just before the Turkic migrations of the 10th and 11th centuries.[86] The name is derived from Persian بادکوبه (Bâd-kube, meaning "wind-pounded city", a compound of bād, "wind", and kube, which is rooted in the verb کوبیدن kubidan, "to pound", thus referring to a place where wind would be strong and pounding,[87] as is the case of Baku, which is known to experience fierce winter snow storms and harsh winds). This popular name (Badkubə in modern Azerbaijani script) gained currency as a nickname for the city by the 19th century (e.g., it is used in Akinchi, volume 1, issue 1, p. 1), and is also reflected in the city's modern nickname as the "City of Winds" (Azerbaijani: Küləklər şəhəri). Another folk etymology explains the name as deriving from Baghkuy, meaning "God's town". Baga (now بغ bagh) and kuy are the Old Persian words for "god" and "town" respectively; the name Baghkuy may be compared with Baghdād ("God-given") in which dād is the Old Persian word for "give".

Absheron, comes from Persian āb šuran "salty waters".[88]

Ganja: The city's traditional Armenian name is Gandzak (Գանձակ), which derives from gandz (գանձ) "precious/treasure," a loan word from Old Iranian, both being Indo-European languages of antiquity, this word is a cognate, which means treasure or riches.[89] [90] The founder of the Hethumid dynasty, Oshin of Lampron was an Armenian nakharar and lord of a castle near Ganja who fled to Cilicia in 1075 during the Seljuk invasion of Armenia.[91] The city existed in pre-Islamic and pre-Turkic times and was likely founded in the 5th century.[92] According to some sources, it changed hands between Persians, Khazars and Arabs even in the 7th century.[93] The area in which Ganja is located was known as Arran from the 9th to 12th century; its urban population spoke mainly in the Persian language.[94][95]

The name of the country itself is also not of Turkic or Islamic origin, but from the original, pre-Christian, pre-Islamic, pre-Turkic religion of the area practiced by its ancient Caucasian Albanian kings. According to modern etymology, the term Azerbaijan derives from that of Atropates,[96][97] a Persian[98][99] satrap/king under the Achaemenid Empire, who was later reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the Great.[44][100] The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once-dominant, Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of Iran, Armenia, Atropatene,[101] Arran, and Caucasian Albania In the Avesta's Frawardin Yasht ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels"), there is a mention of âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide, which literally translates from Avestan as "we worship the fravashi of the holy Atropatene."[102] The name "Atropates" itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian, probably Median, compounded name with the meaning "Protected by the (Holy) Fire" or "The Land of the (Holy) Fire".[103] The Greek name was mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo. The name Azerbaijan was first adopted for the area of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan by the government of Musavat in 1918,[104] after the collapse of the Russian Empire, when the independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established. Until then, the designation had been used exclusively to identify the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran,[105][106][107][108] while the area of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was formerly referred to as Arran and Shirvan.[109] On that basis Iran protested the newly adopted country name.[110]During the Soviet rule, the country was also spelled in the Roman alphabet from the Russian transliteration as Azerbaydzhan (Russian: Азербайджа́н).[111] The country's name was also spelled in Cyrillic script from 1940 to 1991 as "Азәрбајҹан".

These name changes are in addition to those continuously changed from the 1930s on,[112] a measure seen by some as a method to erase from popular memory the fact that migration of Oghuz Turkic people [38] [18] [113] [40] and the conquest of Muslim Arabs [114] [115] [116] [117] had once dominated the region, and renamed places and grew to form a substantial portion of the local population.[118] According to Husik Ghulyan's study, in the period 2006-2018, more than 7700 Turkic geographic names that existed in the country have been changed back and returned to original Armenian, Iranian, Caucasian Albanian, and other Indo-Iranian peoples' names.[119] Those Turkic names were mostly used side by side within the different linguistic communities of Armenian and Turkish speakers, with the majority of names being slightly changed, as in the case of Shusha, and located in areas that previously were heavily populated by Azerbaijanis, namely in Gegharkunik, Kotayk and Vayots Dzor regions and some parts of Syunik and Ararat regions.[119]

Though these name "changes" to names which existed for centuries and millennia, may very well show Armenian xenophobia, racism, chauvinism, and bigotry, to say that Turkish names are "original," is the equivalent of saying that English, Spanish, French, Dutch, German, or Italian place names in the Americas are "original," and ignores the Turkic and Arabic changing of the Iranian, Armenian, Caucasian Albanian, Udi, and other names given in the languages of the inhabitants who, according to the overwhelming preponderance of the historical record, lived in the region hundreds, and thousands of years prior to the arrival of the Oghuz Turkic Language, that was being spoken east of Lake Balkhash when the Persian Empires, Satrapy and Kingdom of Armenia, Kingdom of Atropatene, and Caucasian Albania had already each existed for centuries. To decry this, is against the high academic standards of the Azerbaijani people, and amounts to calling Machu Picchu and Chichen Itza "Spanish." It is simply, academically, historically, and factually incorrect, regardless of the level of hate behind such changes, revisions, or reversals.



However, instability in Safavid Iran and Armenian frustration[120] [121] [122] [123]with Islamic dominance.[124] in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, turned Karabakh into the epicenter of plans for an independent Armenian state.[125][126] This state, centered on the semi-independent Armenian principalities of Artsakh and Syunik, would be allied with Georgia and both would be protected by fellow Christian Russia and European powers.[125]   Eventually the meliks agreed to pursue such an alliance. In 1678, Catholicos Hakob Jughayetsi (Jacob of Jugha, 1655–1680) called for a secret meeting in Echmiadzin to which he invited both meliks and clergy. He offered to lead a delegation to Europe, but died shortly after, largely causing the plan to be abandoned, but for the determination of one of the delegates, a young man, the son[127] of Melik Haikazyan of Kashatag / Khnatsakh in Zankezur / Syunik.[128] [129] [130] named Israel Ori, who had served in the armies of Louis XIV of France, he tried to convince Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (1658–1716), Pope Innocent XII and the Emperor of Austria, Leopold I[131] to liberate Armenia from a foreign yoke and to send large amounts of money to the armed forces of Karabakh Armenians.[132] Unfortunately Ori died in 1711 before securing unified support for Armenian lands. Another prominent figure from Nagorno-Karabakh who worked to establish an independent Armenian entity in his homeland was Movses Baghramian.[133] Baghramian together with the Armenian patriot Joseph Emin (1726–1809), lobbied Karabakh's Armenian meliks to this same effect.[134]

In the early 18th century, Persia's Nader Shah took Karabakh out of control of the Ganja khans as punishment for their support of the Safavids, and placed it under his own control[135][136] in which he granted the Armenian meliks supreme command over neighboring Armenian principalities as well as Muslim khans in the Caucasus, in return for the meliks' victories over the invading Ottoman Turks in the 1720s.[137] However, the Armenian meliks were only able to maintain autonomous control over the region until the mid-18th century.

Armenian autonomy during late 18th to late 19th century in orange, including Karabakh

Karabakh Khanate[edit]

The beginning of the end of the Khamsa Melikdoms of Karabakh came in the second half of the 18th century, when Turko-Armenian,[138] [139] Melik Shahnazar II allied himself with the Khan, Panah Ali Khan of the Javanshir clan of the Afshar-Oghuz Turkic tribe, against the other Armenian meliks which led to the disintegration of the autonomous Armenian Melikdoms of Karabakh into the de facto independent Karabakh Khanate. Melik Shahnazar II was the first to accept Panah-Ali Khan's suzerainty as the first Khan of the Karabakh Khanate and provided the latter with the strategic fortress of Shushi (Shusha).[140] [141] [142] [143] [144] [145] [146]

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  94. ^ Rybakov, Rostislav, ed. (1995). История Востока. Восток в средние века [History of the East. East in the Middle Ages] (in Russian). Vol. 2. ISBN 978-5-02-017711-6.[page needed]
  95. ^ Diakonov, Igor (1995). Книга воспоминаний [The Book of Memoirs] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Yevropeyskiy Dom. pp. 730–731. ISBN 978-5-85733-042-5.
  96. ^ Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 (reprint ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4.
  97. ^ Schippmann, Klaus (1989). Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History. Encyclopædia Iranica. pp. 221–224. ISBN 978-0-933273-95-5.
  98. ^ Chamoux, François (2003). Hellenistic Civilization. John Wiley and Sons. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-631-22241-5.
  99. ^ Bosworth A.B., Baynham E.J. (2002). Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-925275-6.
  100. ^ Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1999). Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3550-4.
  101. ^ Olbrycht 2014, p. 96; Gregoratti 2017, p. 138; Schippmann 1987, pp. 221–224
  102. ^ Darmesteter, James (2004). "Frawardin Yasht". Avesta Khorda Avesta: Book of Common Prayer (reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-4191-0852-5.
  103. ^ "Azerbaijan: Early History: Iranian and Greek Influences". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 7 June 2006.
  104. ^ Atabaki, Touraj (4 September 2006). Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers. I.B.Tauris. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-86064-964-6.
  105. ^ Atabaki, Touraj (2000). Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. I.B.Tauris. p. 25. ISBN 978-1860645549.
  106. ^ Dekmejian, R. Hrair; Simonian, Hovann H. (2003). Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region. I.B. Tauris. p. 60. ISBN 978-1860649226. Until 1918, when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan.
  107. ^ Rezvani, Babak (2014). Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-9048519286. The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago.
  108. ^ Fragner, B.G. (2001). Soviet Nationalism: An Ideological Legacy to the Independent Republics of Central Asia. I.B. Tauris and Company. pp. 13–32. In the post Islamic sense, Arran and Shirvan are often distinguished, while in the pre-Islamic era, Arran or the western Caucasian Albania roughly corresponds to the modern territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the Soviet era, in a breathtaking manipulation, historical Azerbaijan (northwestern Iran) was reinterpreted as "South Azerbaijan" in order for the Soviets to lay territorial claim on historical Azerbaijan proper which is located in modern-day northwestern Iran.
  109. ^ Atabaki, Touraj (2000). Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. I.B.Tauris. p. 8. ISBN 978-1860645549.
  110. ^ Bournoutian, George A. (2016). The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia. Gibb Memorial Trust. p. 18. ISBN 978-1909724839. (...) the Baku and Elisavetpol guberniias, declared their independence (to 1920), and, despite Iranian protests, took the name of Azerbaijan (as noted, the same designation as the historical region in northwestern Iran) (...)
  111. ^ Comrie, Bernard (1981). The languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0521298773. OCLC 6627395.
  112. ^ The Alteration of Place Names and Construction of National Identity in Soviet Armenia Archived September 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine by Arseny Sarapov
  113. ^ Zuev, Yu. "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms" (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8-10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 126, 133-134 (in Russian)
  114. ^ "Khalifa Umar bin al-Khattab - Expansion of Islam and Military Campaigns Conquest Of Azarbaijan".
  115. ^ Sejarah teks al-Quran dari wahyu sampai kompilasi: kajian perbandingan dengan perjanjian lama dan perjanjian baru (in Indonesian). Gema Insani. 2005. ISBN 9789795619376.
  116. ^ The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram. Ch:16 ISBN 978-0-19-597713-4,
  117. ^ Daryaee, Touraj (February 16, 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973215-9 – via Google Books.
  118. ^ Nation and Politics in the Soviet Successor States by Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras. Cambridge University Press, 1993; p.270 ISBN 0-521-43281-2
  119. ^ a b Ghulyan, Husik (2020-12-01). "Conceiving homogenous state-space for the nation: the nationalist discourse on autochthony and the politics of place-naming in Armenia". Central Asian Survey. 40 (2): 257–281. doi:10.1080/02634937.2020.1843405. ISSN 0263-4937.
  120. ^ LLC, Helix Consulting. "The Movement History - About Artsakh Republic - Government of Artsakh Republic". gov.nkr.am. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  121. ^ Legvold, Robert; Waal, Thomas De (2003). "Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War". Foreign Affairs. 82 (6): 166. doi:10.2307/20033795.
  122. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Nagorny Karabakh (unrecognised state)". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  123. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica, Armeno-Iranian Relations in the Islamic Period, H. Papazian, December 15, 1986, Vol. II, Fasc. 5, pp. 467-478 ARMENIA AND IRAN vi.
  124. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (2004). "Eastern Armenia from the Seventeenth Century". The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood vol. 2: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4039-6422-9. Retrieved 2012-01-31. Ori, the son of Melik Haikazian of Zanzegur
  125. ^ a b Chorbajian, Levon; Donabedian Patrick; Mutafian, Claude. The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geo-Politics of Nagorno-Karabagh. NJ: Zed Books, 1994, p. 72
  126. ^ George A. Bournoutian. A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh. Mazda Publishers, 1994. p. 17. ISBN 1-56859-011-3, 978-1-568-59011-0
  127. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (2004). "Eastern Armenia from the Seventeenth Century". The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood vol. 2: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4039-6422-9. Retrieved 2012-01-31. Ori, the son of Melik Haikazian of Zanzegur
  128. ^ Карагезян А. К локализации гавара Кашатаг // Вестн. обществ. наук АН АрмССР. 1987. № 1. С. 44—45.
  129. ^ Кристине Костикян «Քաշաթաղի 17-րդ դարի պատմությանը վերաբերող մի փաստաթուղթ» (Документ относящийся к истории Кашатага в 17 веке) из «Страны и народы Ближнего Среднего Востока. Том XX», стр. 168—171. Институт востоковедения Национальной Академии наук Армении; Ереван, 2001.
  130. ^ И. Петрушевский «Очерки по истории феодальных отношений в Азербайджане и Армении в XVI-начале XIX вв.», стр. 59 и 72
  131. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (2004). "Eastern Armenia from the Seventeenth Century". The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood vol. 2: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4039-6422-9. Retrieved 2012-01-31. Ori, the son of Melik Haikazian of Zanzegur
  132. ^ Chorbajian, Levon; Donabedian Patrick; Mutafian, Claude. The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geo-Politics of Nagorno-Karabagh. NJ: Zed Books, 1994, p. 73
  133. ^ Life and Adventures of Emin Joseph Emin 1726-1809 Written by himself. Second edition with Portrait, Correspondence, Reproductions of original Letters and Map*. Calcutta 1918. [3]
  134. ^ A.R. Ioannisian. Joseph Emin. Yerevan, 1989, link to full text
  135. ^ (in Russian) Abbas-gulu Aga Bakikhanov. Golestan-i Iram; according to an 18th-century local Turkic-Muslim writer Mirza Adigezal bey, Nadir shah placed Karabakh under his own control, while a 19th-century local Turkic Muslim writer Abbas-gulu Aga Bakikhanov states that the shah placed Karabakh under the control of the governor of Tabriz.
  136. ^ (in Russian) Mirza Adigezal bey. Karabakh-name, p. 48
  137. ^ Walker, Christopher J. Armenia: Survival of a Nation. London: Routledge, 1990 p. 40 ISBN 0-415-04684-X
  138. ^ Emin, Joseph; Apcar, Amy (1792). Emin, Joseph (ed.). Life and Adventures of Emin Joseph Emin, 1726-1809 (PDF). Vol. 2. Calcutta: Baptist mission Press. pp. 339, 343–344. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  139. ^ Emin, Aspet. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia" – via www.academia.edu. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  140. ^ Ismailov, Eldar Elkhan (2014). "The Khans of Karabakh: The elder line by generations". Central Asia and the Caucasus. CA&C Press AB Publishing House. Archived from the original on 2021-02-17. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  141. ^ Emin, Joseph; Apcar, Amy (1792). Emin, Joseph (ed.). Life and Adventures of Emin Joseph Emin, 1726-1809 (PDF). Vol. 2. Calcutta: Baptist mission Press. pp. 339, 343–344. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  142. ^ Hayrapetyan, Tamar (2012). Suvaryan, Yu. (ed.). Ղարաբաղի առակախոս Պըլ Պուղու սոցիալ-քաղաքական երգիծանքը (The Social and Political Satire of Jester Pele Pughi from Kharabakh). Historico-cultural heritage of the Armenian Highland (in Armenian). Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press. pp. 83–85. ISBN 978-5808416055. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-20.
  143. ^ "Principality of Varanda - Amaras Monastery, Nagorno Karabakh Republic". www.amaras.org.
  144. ^ Lalayan, Yervand (1897). "Վարանդա - ՄԻ ԵՐԿՈՒ ԽՕՍՔ ՎԱՐԱՆԴԱՅԻ ՊԱՏՄԱԿԱՆ ԱՆՑԵԱԼԻ ՄԱՍԻՆ". digilib.aua.am.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  145. ^ "Мнения экспертов о происходящем в мире на iz.ru | Известия". iz.ru. Archived from the original on May 28, 2009.
  146. ^ Montgomery, Isobel (28 May 2001). "Obituary: Georgy Shakhnazarov". The Guardian.


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