User:Beodizia/Ennigaldi
| Ennigaldi | |
|---|---|
| Princess of Babylon | |
| High priestess of Ur | |
| Reign | 547 BC – ? |
| Predecessor | Daughter of Nebuchadnezzar I (12th century BC) |
| Dynasty | Chaldean dynasty |
| Father | Nabonidus |
| Mother | Nitocris (?) |
Bel-Shalti-Nanna, later known as Ennigaldi-Nanna (Babylonian cuneiform: 
En-nígaldi-Nanna),[1] and commonly called just Ennigaldi,[2][3] was a princess of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and high priestess (entu) of Ur. As the first entu in six centuries, serving as the "human wife" of the moon-god Sin, Ennigaldi held large religious and political power. She is most famous today for founding a museum in Ur c. 530 BC. Ennigaldi's museum showcased cataloged and labelled artifacts from the preceding 1,500 years of Mesopotamian history and is often considered to have been the first museum in world history.[4][5][6][7]
Family[edit]
Ennigaldi was the daughter of Nabonidus, who ruled as king of Babylon from 556 to 539 BC.[2] She had at least three siblings: the brother Belshazzar and the sisters Ina-Esagila-risat and Akkabuʾunma.[8] Nabonidus was genealogically unconnected to previous Babylonian kings but he might have been married to a daughter of the previous ruler Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BC), which would make Ennigaldi and her siblings into Nebuchadnezzar's grandchildren.[9] The name of their mother is unknown but she may have been the figure remembered in later tradition under the name Nitocris.[10]
Nabonidus had great interest in archaeology. He conducted extensive excavations, included more allusions to past rulers in his writings than most other kings and is the earliest known person in history to attempt to chronologically date archaeological artifacts.[11][12] Ennigaldi's interest in archaeology and history probably stemmed from her father.[2]
Career[edit]
High priestess[edit]
In 547 BC,[2] Nabonidus revived the office of entu ("high priestess") of Ur, which had been vacant since the time of Nebuchadnezzar I in the 12th century BC, and named Ennigaldi to this office.[13] The entu was devoted to the moon-god Sin (known as Nanna in Sumerian times) and was the highest-ranking priestess in the country, supposedly divinely elected by the god himself and revealed through omens. All known entu were of royal blood, having been sisters or daughters of kings.[14] Nabonidus was supposedly inspired to restore the office after a partial lunar eclipse in 554 BC, which he interpreted as an omen, and the find of a stele created by Nebuchadnezzar I showing the investment of that king's daughter as entu.[15] According to Nabonidus, he selected Ennigaldi as entu only after having learnt through lengthy divination that she was the choice of Sin.[14] The name Ennigaldi-Nanna was in all likelihood assumed at this time as her priestess name, since it means "Nanna requests an entu".[13]
As entu, Ennigaldi would have devoted much of her religious time in the evenings to Nanna in a small blue room on top of the Ziggurat of Ur.[2] Her official dwelling was a building called the giparu, located adjacent to the ziggurat. The giparu had been in ruins for centuries but was rebuilt for Ennigaldi on the orders of Nabonidus.[14] The most important part of the religious role of the entu was to serve as the human wife of the god Sin and to perform rites relating to this sacred marriage. What these rites entailed is poorly known. The entu also had to pray for the life of the king, who served as the living embodiment of Babylonia's prosperity, and had to provide conformt and adornment for the goddess Ningal, Sin's divine consort. The entu also served as the manager of the considerable estates and wealth belonging to the temple complex of Ur.[14] In addition to these duties, Ennigaldi also ran, and possibly taught in, a school for aspiring priestesses from upper-class Babylonian families. By the time Ennigaldi became entu, this school had been in continuous operation for more than eight hundred years. The school taught a special women's scribal dialect called Emesal.[2]
Museum curator[edit]
The reign of Ennigaldi's father came to an end when the Neo-Babylonian Empire was conquered by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC. Nabonidus appears to have been allowed to live and retire in peace.[11] The change in government does not appear to have impacted Ennigaldi's position since she c. 530 BC[4][5][6][16] founded a museum containing artifacts from past Mesopotamian civilizations, located about five hundred feet southeast of the ziggurat.[4] Ennigaldi's museum is often considered the first museum in world history.[4][5][6][7] Some of the objects on display may have been personally excavated by Ennigaldi and her father.[2][7] Most of the artifacts dated to the 20th century BC,[17] though the collection covered a timespan of about 1,500 years[18] (c. 2100–600 BC).[5] Some of the artifacts on display had once belonged to Nebuchadnezzar II.[17] Ennigaldi developed a research program around the museum's collection of artifacts[5] and she was presumably personally responsible for cataloging and labelling the collections.[19]
The subsequent fate of Ennigaldi is unknown.[5] Her museum ceased operations at the latest around 500 BC;[5] changing climate conditions (including a change in the course of the Euphrates river, a drought, and the recession of the Persian Gulf) caused Ur to rapidly decline under Achaemenid rule and rendered the city uninhabited by that time.[5][20] The ruins of the museum were discovered by the British archaeologist Leonard Woolley during excavations of the Ur temple complex in 1925. [18] Woolley discovered objects whose ages varied by centuries, neatly arranged side-by-side. Soon thereafter, clay tablets and cones containing descriptions of the objects and written in three different languages were also uncovered.[2] Also discovered in the ruins were tablets containing lists of ojects, the earliest known museum catalogs.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ Schaudig, AOAT 256 2.7; i 25, ORACC
- ^ a b c d e f g h León, Vicki (1995). Uppity Women of Ancient Times. Conari Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 1-57324-010-9.
- ^ Moniz, Melissa (2021). "Source of Nostalgia and Archival Recreation: The South African Hellenic Archive". De Arte. 56 (1): 85. doi:10.1080/00043389.2021.1983244. ISSN 0004-3389.
- ^ a b c d Cohen, Richard (2022). Making History: The Storytellers Who Shaped the Past. Simon and Schuster. p. 487. ISBN 978-1-9821-9580-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Grande, Lance (2017). Curators: Behind the Scenes of Natural History Museums. University of Chicago Press. pp. x. ISBN 978-0-226-19275-8.
- ^ a b c Walhimer, Mark (2015). Museums 101. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4422-3019-4.
- ^ a b c d Quinn, Therese (2020). About Museums, Culture, and Justice to Explore in Your Classroom. Teachers College Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-8077-6343-8.
- ^ Weiershäuser, Frauke; Novotny, Jamie (2020). The Royal Inscriptions of Amēl-Marduk (561–560 BC), Neriglissar (559–556 BC), and Nabonidus (555–539 BC), Kings of Babylon (PDF). Eisenbrauns. p. 4. ISBN 978-1646021079.
- ^ Wiseman, Donald J. (2003) [1991]. "Babylonia 605–539 B.C.". In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E.; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: III Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN 0-521-22717-8.
- ^ Shea, William H. (1982). "Nabonidus, Belshazzar, and the Book of Daniel: an Update". Andrews University Seminary Studies. 20 (2): 137–138.
- ^ a b Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1989). Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon (556-539 BC). Yale University Press. pp. 138–140, 230, 249. ISBN 9780300043143. JSTOR j.ctt2250wnt. OCLC 20391775.
- ^ Silverberg, Robert (1997). Great Adventures in Archaeology. University of Nebraska Press. pp. viii. ISBN 978-0803292475.
- ^ a b Cousin, Laura (2020). "Sweet Girls and Strong Men: Onomastics and Personality Traits in First-Millennium Sources". Die Welt des Orients. 50 (2): 342. doi:10.2307/26977772. ISSN 0043-2547.
- ^ a b c d Weadock, Penelope N. (1975). "The Giparu at Ur". Iraq. 37 (2): 101–128. doi:10.2307/4200011. ISSN 0021-0889.
- ^ Nielsen, John P. (2018). "3.3. Conclusions" and "6.2. Nebuchadnezzar I in the Neo-Babylonian Empire". The Reign of Nebuchadnezzar I in History and Historical Memory. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30048-9.
- ^ Wherry, Frederick F.; Schor, Juliet B. (2015). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society. SAGE Publications. p. 1135. ISBN 978-1-4522-1797-0.
- ^ a b Nepo, Mark (2019). More Together Than Alone: Discovering the Power and Spirit of Community in Our Lives and in the World. Simon and Schuster. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-5011-6784-3.
- ^ a b Hopkins, Owen (2021). The Museum: From its Origins to the 21st Century. Frances Lincoln. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-7112-5457-2.
- ^ Gartner, Richard (2016). Metadata: Shaping Knowledge from Antiquity to the Semantic Web. Springer. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-319-40893-4.
- ^ Romain, William F. (2019). "Lunar alignments at Ur: Entanglements with the Moon God Nanna". Journal of Skyscape Archaeology. 5 (2): 154. doi:10.1558/jsa.39074. ISSN 2055-3498.