Lin Huiyin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Lin Huiying.
In this Chinese name, the family name is Lin.
Lin Huiyin
Phyllis Whei Yin Lin
Born(1904-06-10)10 June 1904
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Qing dynasty, China
Died1 April 1955(1955-04-01) (aged 50)
Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Resting placeBabaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
Alma mater
Occupation(s)architect, poet
Spouse(s)Liang Sicheng, m. 21 March 1928, wid. 1 April 1955
ChildrenLiang Congjie
Liang Zaibing
RelativesLiang Qichao (father-in-law)

Lin Huiyin (Chinese: 林徽因, born 林徽音; pinyin: Lín Huīyīn; known as Phyllis Whei Yin Lin[1] when in the United States; 10 June 1904 – 1 April 1955) was a Chinese architect, writer, and poet. She is known to be the first female architect in modern China [2] and her husband is the famed "Father of Modern Chinese Architecture" Liang Sicheng,[2] both of whom worked as founders and faculty in the newly formed Architecture

In the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), Lin Huiyin traveled to Europe with her father Lin Changmin. In the twelfth year of the Republic of China (1923), she participated in the activities of the Crescent Moon Society. In the thirteenth year of the Republic of China (1924), she studied in the United States at the University of Pennsylvania School of Fine Arts, taking courses in the Department of Architecture and earning a Bachelor of Arts degree (to be posthumously awarded a Bachelor of Architecture degree in 2024). Later, she studied at the Yale University School of Drama in the Department of Stage Art. Department of Northeastern University in 1928 ,together with Liang Sicheng，she annotated and reviewed the "Great Tang Records on the Western Regions" from the collection of the Chinese Architecture Society (hundreds of Tang Dynasty buildings and place names), discovering the Tang Dynasty architecture – the Foguang Temple on Mount Wutai. After the liberation, Lin Huiyin made contributions to the design of the emblem of the People's Republic of China, the design of the Monument to the People's Heroes, and the innovation of cloisonné craftsmanship, and authored "Poetry Collection of Lin Huiyin" [3]and "Essays of Lin Huiyin".[4][5]

after 1949, as professors in Tsinghua University in Beijing. Liang and Lin began restoration work on cultural heritage sites of China in the post-imperial Republican Era of China, a passion which she would pursue to the end of her life. The American artist Maya Lin is her niece.[6]

Biography[edit]

Lin Huiyin as a young girl
Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin's wedding photo

Lin was born in Hangzhou though her family was from Minhou. She was the daughter of Lin Changmin (林長民) (16 September 1876 - Minhou, 24 December 1925) and He Xueyuan (何雪媛) (1882–1972).

At the age of 5, she was tutored by her great-aunt Lin Zemin; at 8, she moved to Shanghai and attended the Hongkou Patriotic Primary School.

In the third year of the Republic of China (1914), Lin Huiyin came to Beijing with her grandfather and lived with her father in Qianwanggongchang.

In 1916, she attended the Peking Pei Hua Girls' School, which was run by the British Church.

In April 1920, she traveled to Europe with her father, and was influenced by a female architect, who was her landlord in London, to pursue the study of architecture. During this time, she also met her father's disciple Xu Zhimo and developed a strong interest in modern poetry.

In 1921, she returned to China with her father and continued her studies at Pei Hua Girls' School.

In 1923, Xu Zhimo, Hu Shi, and others established the Crescent Moon Society in Beijing, where Lin Huiyin often participated in the literary and artistic activities.

In April 1924, the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore visited China, and Lin Huiyin, along with Xu Zhimo, Liang Sicheng, and others, accompanied Tagore on a tour of Beijing. Tagore wrote a poem for Lin Huiyin: The azure of the sky fell in love with the verdant green of the earth, and the breeze between them sighed "Alas!"

In a time when women had limited access to formal education, Lin was able to receive a formal education due to being part of a wealthy family. Because of her family's affluence she was able to travel extensively with her father. She obtained her degrees both in England and the United States.[7] However, Lin's works are highly regarded. Lin wrote free verse, novels and prose. Lin's poems appeared in publications such as the Beijing Morning Post, Crescent Monthly, Poetry and the Dipper and the newspaper L'impartiale in Tianjin.

In 1924, Lin and Liang Sicheng both enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania, where she also worked as a part-time assistant in the architectural department. Although they both wanted to attend the School of Architecture, Lin was not admitted because she was a woman. She therefore enrolled in the School of Fine Arts.[8] Both being born in Dragon year, they attended school and foster the birth of Chinese architect.[9] She received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1927, and was posthumously conferred a Bachelor of Architecture in 2023.[1] Later, she enrolled in stage design programs in Yale University as a graduate student, pursuing her longtime interest in drama.[6]

During her studies she pursued her passion for architecture by taking architectural classes.[10][11] It was here that Lin along with Liang Sicheng, her future husband whom she had known since childhood, pursued their love of architecture.

In April 1924, the sixty-four-year old Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore visited China. Lin Huiyin and Xu Zhimo worked together to do the interpretation work for Tagore, during which Lin Huiyin distinguished herself with her fluent English and also won the admiration of the poet.[12]

On September 20, 1925, Lin Huiyin's photograph was featured on the front page of the 268th issue of Shanghai's "Illustrated Times".

In 1928, Lin Huiyin accepted the marriage proposal from Liang Sicheng. After their wedding, they traveled to Europe to study European architecture.

In August 1928, the couple returned to China together and were both employed by the Department of Architecture at Northeastern University. Before taking up her post, Lin Huiyin went back to Fuzhou to visit her relatives and was invited by Fuzhou Normal School and Yinghua Middle School to give lectures on "Architecture and Literature" and "Garden Architecture Art". She also designed the Fuzhou East Street Art Theater for her uncle Lin Tianmin. The following year, she taught "History of Decoration" and professional English at Northeastern University.

After graduating from the Academy of Fine Arts in the summer of 1927, she went on to study stage art design for half a year at Yale University's School of Drama.

On October 15, 2023, the University of Pennsylvania announced that it would posthumously award Lin Huiyin a bachelor's degree in architecture at the Weitzman graduation ceremony on May 18, 2024. This decision was made almost a century later to correct the unfair treatment of Lin Huiyin in the past.[13]

Career[edit]

In the wake of the September 18th Incident, Lin left for Beijing, where she studied ancient Chinese architecture. Upon her return, she helped establish the Architectural Department at Northeastern University in Shenyang, where she then taught architecture briefly.[14] Meanwhile, in 1928, she designed a railway station in Jilin. This was one of the few buildings Lin designed. Throughout the 1930s, Lin and her husband lived in Beiping, as Beijing was then called, near both of their families. Close friends at the time were the Americans Wilma and John K. Fairbank, who admired her sense of living on a "kind of double cultural frontier," and facing the problem of "the necessity to winnow the past and discriminate among things foreign, what to preserve and what to borrow." He recalled the joy she took when she and her husband climbed the roof of the Temple of Heaven, which made her the first woman to attempt the walk on the emperor's palace roof and when in 1937, she discovered the main hall of Foguang Temple near Doucun, Shanxi.

Li Huiyin and Liang Sicheng, during the 15 years from 1930 to 1945, conducted surveys on 2738 ancient buildings in 190 counties. Many of these ancient structures gained national and international recognition through their research, leading to their protection. Notable examples include the Zhaozhou Bridge in Hebei, the Yingxian Wooden Pagoda in Shanxi, and the Foguang Temple on Mount Wutai.[15]

In 1931, Lin Huiyin was employed by the Peking Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture (Zhongguo Yingzao Xuehui). The following year, she designed the Geological Hall and the Grey Building student dormitory for Peking University.Over the next several years, she frequently traveled to various provinces such as Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Zhejiang to conduct field surveys and measurements of dozens of ancient buildings. She published papers and reports on architecture, either independently or in collaboration with Liang Sicheng, including "On Several Characteristics of Chinese Architecture," "Miscellaneous Records of Architecture in the Suburbs of Peking," and "A Brief Survey of Ancient Architecture in Jin and Fen." She also wrote the introduction for Liang Sicheng's book "Qing Style Construction Rules".

Li Huiyin and Liang Sicheng went to Henan for an inspection. They arrived in Jinan in the latter half of June.

In the summer of 1937, she discovered the oldest wooden structure in China in the Wutai Mountain area of Shanxi—the Foguang Temple Main Hall, which was built during the Tang Dynasty.

Lin Huiyin's younger brother Lin Heng, who was killed in action in 1941 in an air battle over Chengdu[16]

As Japan's invasion loomed, Lin Huiyin and her husband had to cut-short their promising restoration work of Beijing's cultural heritage sites in 1937 and abandoned their now famous courtyard residence in Beijing[17] to flee southward along with personnel and materials of the Architectural Department of Northeastern University; their exodus lea them and their children to temporary settlements in the cities of Tianjin, Kunming, and finally Lizhuang in 1940.[18] It was in Lizhuang where the bedridden Lin, still suffering from tuberculosis, was told of her younger brother's death while serving as a combat aviator in the air force in the defense of Sichuan.[19] Lin wrote a poetic memorial:

Brother, I do not have words appropriate for this era to mourn over your death. This era made a simple request of you and you responded. Your absolute and simple heroism is a poem of this era. I want to add more sorrow to the unavoidable reality by screaming - you understand why - that you have gone too soon. Brother, your bravery is great. Your death is too cruel.

— Lin Huiyin, Mourning My Third Brother Lin Heng[19][20]

Lugouqiao Incident, Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng moved with the Architecture Society first to Changsha, and then in January 1938 to Kunming, where they lived in a residence called "Zhiyuan" on Xunjin Street. The first research project they undertook was a survey of ancient buildings in Kunming. Liang Sicheng was often away for field investigations, while Lin Huiyin stayed at Xingguo An, managing daily affairs, taking care of and educating their children, and organizing a large amount of drawings and textual materials.

From October to November 1938, more than 50 main ancient buildings in Kunming, including Yuantong Temple, Tuzu Temple, Jianshu Guild Hall, Eastern and Western Pagodas, Zhenqing Temple Hall, and the Golden Pavilion, were surveyed by Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng.

In 1940, she followed Liang Sicheng's work unit, the Academia Sinica, to Lizhuang near Yibin, Sichuan, and lived in a low, dilapidated farmhouse.

The life of displacement and the harsh material conditions led to a recurrence of her lung disease. On her sickbed, she read the parts of the Twenty-Four Histories related to architecture, collecting materials for writing "A History of Chinese Architecture," often working late into the night. During this period, her literary works were not many, and in her poetry drafts, confusion, melancholy, desolation, and depression had replaced the tranquility, elegance, clarity, and gentleness of the style before the war. The poems often revealed her concern for the future and fate of the motherland.

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Lin Huiyin's family returned to Beiping in August 1946. Soon after, she designed faculty housing for Tsinghua University and accepted design tasks outside the school.

In May 1948, she published nine poems titled "Miscellaneous Poems Written While Ill" in the "Literary Magazine". At the end of that year, the outskirts of Beiping, where Tsinghua University was located, were liberated by the People's Liberation Army, which encircled the ancient capital. Lin Huiyin and her husband were deeply worried about the destruction of the majestic and magnificent ancient buildings with carved beams and painted rafters within the city, which might be destroyed by the war.

In early 1949, the sudden visit of two representatives of the People's Liberation Army, who showed a protective attitude towards important cultural relics and ancient sites, dispelled their doubts about the Communist Party. They compiled the "National List of Cultural Relics and Ancient Buildings" at the request of the People's Liberation Army. This book later evolved into the "National Cultural Relics Protection Catalogue".After 1949, Lin Huiyin became a professor of architecture at Tsinghua University. As a literary writer and architectural historian, Lin Huiyin rebuilt the capital from the aspects of cultural tradition, architectural beauty, historical significance, and living conditions of the people. Meanwhile, Lin Huiyin participated in the design of the National emblem and the Monument to the People's Heroes.[21] Lin designed the floral wreath patterns at the base of the Monument to the People's Heroes. Lin also took part in the standardization of Beijing city planning.

In 1950, Lin Huiyin was specially invited to attend the second session of the first National Political Consultative Conference and was appointed as a member of the Beijing City Planning Committee and an engineer. She proposed the idea of building a "City Wall Park".

In 1951, at the age of 47, in order to save the traditional craft of cloisonné, which was on the verge of bankruptcy, Lin Huiyin, despite being ill, worked with Gao Zhuang, Mo Zongjiang, Chang Shana, Qian Meihua, and Sun Junlian to conduct research in factories and designed a series of novel patterns with national characteristics for the "Asia and Pacific Rim Peace Conference" and the "Soviet Cultural Delegation".

In May 1952, in preparation for the upcoming construction boom, Liang Sicheng translated the book "Reconstruction of the Regions Destroyed by the Soviet Patriotic War" and it was printed by the Shanghai Longmen Book Bureau, providing a reference for national construction. At the invitation of the "New Observation" magazine, he wrote a series of articles introducing ancient Chinese buildings such as "Zhongshan Hall", "Beihai Park", "Temple of Heaven", "Summer Palace", "Yonghegong", and "The Forbidden City". In the 1950s, Liang Sicheng was criticized many times for advocating the use of traditional forms such as large roofs in new architecture and for protecting the ancient city of Beijing.

In May 1953, Beijing began to consider the demolition of the city's traditional "pai lou" (archway structures), marking the start of a large-scale removal of ancient architecture in the city. To save the only remaining complete archway street from being destroyed due to political reasons, Liang Sicheng, the husband of Lin Huiyin, had a fierce argument with Wu Han, who was then the Deputy Mayor of Beijing. Soon after, at a dinner party hosted by Zheng Zhenduo, the director of the Bureau of Cultural Affairs of the Ministry of Culture, which was attended by well-known figures in the field of cultural relics, Lin Huiyin and Wu Han had a face-to-face confrontation.Subsequently, Lin Huiyin's health deteriorated sharply, and she eventually refused medical treatment.

In October 1953, Lin Huiyin was elected as a director of the Architectural Society and served as an editor of the "Journal of Architecture." She was also invited to attend the second National Congress of Literature and Art.

In June 1954, she was selected as a representative to the People's Congress of Beijing.

She died in 1955 of tuberculosis.[22]The funeral committee for Lin Huiyin consisted of 13 people, including Zhang Xiruo, Zhou Peiyuan, Qian Duan Sheng, Qian Weichang, and Jin Yuelin. On April 3, a memorial service for Lin Huiyin was held at the Xianliang Temple in Jinyu Hutong, Beijing.

Publications[edit]

Lin Huiyin wrote poems, essays, short stories and plays. Many of her works were praised for their subtlety, beauty, and creativity. Some of her more well known works are: Smile, Ninety-nine Degrees, Don't Let Our Land be Lost Again! and Meizhen and Them. Lin along with her husband wrote a book titled A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture.[23] During this pursuit, Lin along with her husband went to thousands of ancient Chinese architectural sites. She conducted research and preserve China's architectural history. They lobbied hard to protect many of the old buildings in Beijing at a time when many parts of the city were being leveled by the municipal government.[24] She also translated English works into Chinese.

Literature[edit]

The poet is only one of her identities. Her talent for poetry and song made her incredibly different. With an interest in writing poems, she met and made friends with lots of famous Chinese poets at that time.[25] Her poem are warm and soft. Most of the poems are related to her personal emotions, such as insight from everyday life and love between friends, family, and romantic relationships.[26] Unfortunately, most of her work destroyed in wars.[27] Few of her poems are recorded and preserved nowadays. It is no doubt that this is the regret of modern Chinese poetry. Some readers suggest that her poem is free-flowing, which is the same as her personality.[28]

Lin Huiyin is well known for her many poems and essays, she was also one of the outstanding female representatives of the May Fourth Movement. Her essays are full of delicate feelings and are combined with the musical sense in the Chinese poetic tradition. Her novels are full of modern content, such as the most famous "You Are the April of This World". Similarly, Lin Huiyin and other writers also participated in the May Fourth Movement. Lin Huiyin skillfully integrated the aesthetics of Tang poetry into the language and syntax of modernism and used the traditional literary practice of episodic narration to combat the gender determinants of these idioms. Lin Huiyin was fond of free love and ideal, but the free love under May Fourth turned into the tragic idealism in the social background, which exacerbated the pain of gender oppression.[7]

Tagore with Lin Huiyin in Beijing in May 1924

In addition to architectural research, Lin Huiyin also engaged in literary creation. As a young girl, Lin Huiyin went abroad with her father to study in Europe. In England, Lin met Xu Zhimo in England, who guided her to the road of literature. Therefore, Lin Huiyin set her foot on the road of literature. Xu Zhimo encouraged Lin Huiyin to write literature, especially poetry. Later, they organized activities, performed dramas, and experimented with more literary forms together.[29] When Rabindranath Tagore came to China, Lin and Xu worked together as translators, contacting the great poets of the world and learning poems from Tagore.[30] She was more famous because she became the leading lady in Tagore's drama Chitra.[31]

Because Lin Huiyin had a strong understanding of literature, her poems are rich in themes. During the transient years, in the quiet contemplation at night, Lin Huiyin has been used to expressing her feelings in poetry. Her poems often reveal the subtlety of human love, the silent beauty of nature, and the fortitude of life.[32]

Legacy[edit]

Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin in the Temple of Heaven

In October, 2010, as part of a revival of Lin Huiyin and her husband's life accomplishments, CCTV broadcast a six-hour, eight-episode documentary on the husband and wife.[18] The documentary is titled Liang Sicheng Lin Huiyin and was directed by Hu Jingcao. Although Lin did not receive the recognition during her lifetime considering her gender, there is now a renewed revival of her legacy. It has been quoted of Lin Huiyin that "it is often only through the light given off by a man that we see the woman behind him, particularly so for young women in the arts who emerged from the republican era. But Lin Huiyin is an exception. In her, we see the reflection of many outstanding men of the time, but in fact it is she who adds extra color and shine to their images."[33]

In 2018, the New York Times wrote a belated obituary for Lin Huiyin and her husband.[34]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b "宾夕法尼亚大学将向林徽因颁发迟到的建筑学学士学位，曾因性别未授.予_腾讯新闻". new.qq.com. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  2. ^ a b "清华大学建筑学院的创办者——梁思成与林徽因-清华校友总会" [The founders of Tsinghua University School of Architecture—Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin]. www.tsinghua.org.cn. Tsinghua University Alumni Association. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  3. ^ YIN, LIANG CONG JIE BIAN LIN HUI (2022-08-01). Collection of Lin Huiyin (in Chinese). Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-5202-1170-3.
  4. ^ Huiyin, Lin (2010-08-01). Essay Collection of Lin Huiyin (in Chinese). The Contemporary World Press. ISBN 978-7-5090-0627-6.
  5. ^ "Lin Huiyin". Architectuul. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  6. ^ a b Peter G. Rowe, Seng Kuan, Architectural Encounters With Essence and Form in Modern China, MIT Press, 2002, p.219, ISBN 0-262-68151-X
  7. ^ a b SONG, Weijie (2014). "The Aesthetic versus the Political: Lin Huiyin and Modern Beijing". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews. 36: 61–94. ISSN 0161-9705. JSTOR 43490200.
  8. ^ Slotnik, Daniel E. (11 April 2018). "Overlooked No More: Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng, Chroniclers of Chinese Architecture". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  9. ^ "文学大家钱钟书眼中的林徽因：好看、风流豪爽、丈夫驯良不碍事". Sohu.
  10. ^ Ideology and Culture in China; http://en.gmw.cn/2013-12/12/content_9786921_2.htm#Content_Title Archived 2018-06-18 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Donald Langmead (2011). Maya Lin: A Biography. Greenwood Biographies (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 19. ISBN 9787302355991. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  12. ^ "一代才女林徽因：三个爱情故事的女主角_中国网". www.china.com.cn.
  13. ^ "Penn Partners with Artist for Pavilion".
  14. ^ Wiki China; http://wiki.china.org.cn/wiki/index.php/Lin_Huiyin
  15. ^ Brown, Reuben (2024-02-14). "Lin Huiyin (1904–1955) and Liang Sicheng (1901–1972)". Architectural Review. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  16. ^ "314 Air Battle over Shuangliu".
  17. ^ "Beijing Cultural Heritage Protection Center".
  18. ^ a b "Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin, CNTV English， CCTV News". cctv.cntv.cn.
  19. ^ a b "Journeys in Time 2011-05-24 Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin Part 8 CCTV News - CNTV English". english.cntv.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-09-07. Retrieved 2014-06-20.
  20. ^ "五大隊第十七中隊 林恒". www.flyingtiger-cacw.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
  21. ^ Kalman, Harold (2018). "'Chinese Spirit in Modern Strength': Liang Sicheng, Lin Huiyin, and Early Modernist Architecture in China". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 58: 154–188. ISSN 1991-7295. JSTOR 26531708.
  22. ^ Andrew Jacobs, In Beijing’s Building Frenzy, Even an ‘Immovable Cultural Relic’ Is Not Safe, New York Times, New York edition, February 5, 2012, page A6
  23. ^ Amy D. Dooling, Kristina M. Torgeson, Writing Women in Modern China: An Anthology of Women's Literature from the Early Twentieth Century, Columbia University Press, 1998, p.301, ISBN 0-231-10701-3
  24. ^ "Lin Huiyin: 'Lady of Letters'". china.org.cn.
  25. ^ 令狐少俠 (2020-12-24). "「民國女神」林徽因：被中國近現代史巨擘們，眾星拱月捧在手心的奇女子". The News Lens 關鍵評論網 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  26. ^ "如何评价林徽因的诗歌? - 知乎". www.zhihu.com. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  27. ^ "邵燕祥：林徽因的诗 – 旧站文章". 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  28. ^ "邵燕祥：林徽因的诗 – 旧站文章". 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  29. ^ Song, Weijie (2018). Mapping Modern Beijing: Space, Emotion, Literary Topography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-020067-1.
  30. ^ Shih, Shu-Mei (2001). The Lure of the Modern : Writing Modernism in Semicolonial China, 1917-1937. University of California Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780520935280.
  31. ^ Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue (1998). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0798-0.
  32. ^ Carles, Prado-Fonts (2010). Fragmented Encounters, Social Slippages: Lin Huiyin's "In Ninety-Nine Degree Heat.". pp. 125–141.
  33. ^ The China Beat; http://www.thechinabeat.org/?p=2958
  34. ^ "Overlooked No More: Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng, Chroniclers of Chinese Architecture". The New York Times. 11 April 2018.

Further reading[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lin Huiyin.
  • Fairbank, Wilma. Liang and Lin: Partners in Exploring China's Architectural Past. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1994. ISBN 0-8122-3278-X
  • Ch 9, “Chinese Friends,” John King Fairbank. Chinabound: A Fifty-Year Memoir. New York: Harper & Row, 1982. ISBN 0060390050), pp. 104–113.
  • Sicheng Liang, translated by Wilma Fairbank. A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture: A Study of the Development of Its Structural System and the Evolution of Its Types. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984). ISBN 0262121034 Reprinted: Dover: 2005.
  • Wong, Sidney (黄振翔). "Lin Huiyin (林徽因) and Liang Sicheng (梁思成) as Architectural Students at the University of Pennsylvania (1924-27)" Planning and Development Volume 23, No. 1, page 75–93, 2008.
  • MCLC Resource Center. “Liang Sicheng, Lin Huiyin, Part 2,” July 5, 2017. https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2017/07/05/liang-sicheng-lin-huiyin-part-2/.
  • “Lin Huiyin.” Accessed October 24, 2021. http://www.cdsndu.org/html_en/to_specialArticleContent_specialArticleID=8a28e6d84aed8358014af1977217030a.html.
  • Zhu Tao. “To Search High and Low: Liang Sicheng, Lin Huiyin, and China’s Architectural Historiography, 1932–1946 by Zhu Tao,” n.d., 1.
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