HMS Royalist (89)

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For other ships with the same name, see HMS Royalist.

Royalist anchored at Greenock, Scotland, in September 1943
History
United Kingdom
NameRoyalist
BuilderScotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Greenock
Laid down21 March 1940
Launched30 May 1942
Commissioned10 September 1943
Recommissioned1967
DecommissionedNovember 1967
Out of serviceIn reserve from 1946 to 1956 Loaned to the Royal New Zealand Navy from 1956 to 1966
IdentificationPennant number: 89
FateSold for scrap, November 1967
New Zealand
NameHMNZS Royalist
Commissioned1956
Decommissioned1966
Out of serviceReturned to Royal Navy control 1967
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typeDido-class light cruiser
Displacement
  • 5,950 tons standard
  • 7,200 tons full load
Length
  • 485 ft (148 m) pp
  • 512 ft (156 m) oa
Beam50 ft 6 in (15.39 m)
Draught14 ft (4.3 m)
Installed power62,000 shp (46 MW)
Propulsion
Speed32.25 knots (59.73 km/h; 37.11 mph)
Range
  • 1,303 nmi (2,414 km) at 30 kn (56 km/h)
  • 3,685 nmi (6,824 km) at 16 kn (30 km/h)
Complement530
Armament
Armour

HMS Royalist was a Bellona-class (improved Dido-class) light cruiser of the Royal Navy (RN) during the Second World War.

After commissioning in 1943, Royalist was modified with extra facilities and crew for operating as a flagship for aircraft carrier operations. Initially, she operated in the North Sea before transferring to the Mediterranean for the invasion of southern France. Royalist remained in the Mediterranean for actions against German forces in the Aegean Sea for the end of 1944. She then moved to the Far East in February 1945 where the ship served until the end of the war.

Royalist was then put into reserve until 1953, when the Navy decided to proceed with plans to refit the ship for a new role as a fast radar picket. The cost of reconstruction and reactivation of the ship led the RN to transfer the vessel to the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) in 1956 as a replacement for its sister ship, HMS Bellona, who had been in New Zealand service since 1947. In return, New Zealand covered the reconstruction costs of the Royalist. After ten years of service with the RNZN, which included involvement in the Suez Crisis in 1956 and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation from 1963 to 1965, the ship returned to the United Kingdom where she was scrapped.

Development[edit]

Design[edit]

In 1943, the Royal Navy intended to use the Bellona-class as flagships in escort carrier/cruiser groups during the Invasions of France as well as during joint Royal Navy-US Navy operations in the Pacific. Within months of her commissioning, Royalist's design diverged from the rest of her class. She was further modified with two extra rooms that further enabled her to communicate with aircraft carriers and Fleet Air Arm aircraft. In addition, she was modified with the incorporation of one of the first implementations of an "Action Information Office" (AIO). The AIO was a early operations room, in which computers and manual plotting allowed a force to be managed more effectively. The AIO allowed her to operate as a command ship in the northern Atlantic, primarily in hunting German warships Tirpitz and Scharnhorst. The equipment for the specialized equipment pushed crew members to their limits, as only minimal space remained for sleeping and comfort.[1] Compared to her base design requiring a crew of 484, Royalist's compliment was 600, adding to the aforementioned problems of little space[citation needed]. All together, Royalist was designated as a 'Carrier Flagship' when she was mounted with radar.[2]

Construction[edit]

Royalist was built by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Greenock who laid down her keel on 21 March 1940. She was launched on 30 May 1942 ,and commissioned on 10 September 1943. She returned to the dockyard for alterations in November which were not complete until February 1944. Her French motto, Surtout Loyal, translates to "Loyal above all".[2]

Royal Navy career[edit]

A Supermarine Seafire of 807 Naval Air Squadron Fleet Air Arm flying above HMS Royalist during a training flight from the Royal Naval Air Station at Dekhelia, near Alexandria, Egypt in February 1945

North Atlantic Service[edit]

Following her commissioning, Royalist spent several months working up, in which she underwent repairs for trial defects and for alterations and additions. These included aforementioned modifications for service as a carrier flagship.[2] In March 1944, Royalist joined the Home Fleet and served for a short period in the Arctic theater. In this capacity, she took part in Operation Tungsten, the carrier raid in April 1944 against the German battleship Tirpitz at anchor in a fjord in Norway, as the flagship of Rear Admiral Arthur La Touche Bisset commanding Force Two (based around five carriers).

After Tungsten, Royalist escorted carriers for attacks on shipping off Norway before entering dock for a refit.[3] After completion of the work in June, Royalist was ordered to the Mediterranean to support the Operation Dragoon landings in the south of France in August 1944. Royalist was the flagship (Rear Admiral Thomas Hope Troubridge) of the RN/USN Task Force 88 (comprising carrier groups TG88.1[a] and TG88.2[b]) that was tasked with maintaining air superiority over the beaches and support the landing operations.

Mediterranean Service[edit]

Following the Dragoon landings, Royalist joined the Aegean Force, tasked with preventing enemy evacuation from the islands in the Aegean Sea. On 15 September, Royalist and destroyer HMS Teazer sank transports KT4 and KT26 off Cape Spatha. She was then stationed in the Aegean until late 1944 before a refit in early 1945 at Alexandria. After her stint in the Mediterranean, she was transferred to the East Indies and joined the East Indies Fleet.

By April 1945, she was flagship of the 21st Aircraft Carrier Squadron, supporting Rangoon landings of Operation Dracula.

From 10 May, Royalist covered a search group of carriers in Operation Mitre, searching for Japanese warships carrying out evacuations in the area of Nicobar and Andaman Islands.[c] For the remainder of the war, she supported carrier raids against targets in the East Indies and Sumatra.

Scottish author Alistair MacLean served on Royalist during the war, and used his experiences as background for his acclaimed first novel HMS Ulysses (1955) as well as for some of his subsequent works.

Post war reconstruction[edit]

Royalist was withdrawn from the East Indies after the end of the war and returned home to be mothballed and dehumidified in 1946.

Concerned about the growth and threat of the Soviet Navy, a modernization of four Dido-class cruisers, including Royalist, was approved by the Admiralty board in 1950.[d][4][5] Royalist was planned to be the first of four to six Dido/Bellona-class cruisers to be modernized under the program, with work planned to start in January 1953.[6] The ships were chosen as they were modern, economical, and could be easily modified with new radars and fire control systems.[7][8] The importance of the refits increased when other attempts to do the same to Colony-class and Swiftsure-class cruisers were canceled.[9]

The modernization required the construction of a new superstructure and the addition of a fire control system with the work planned to only extend the cruiser's lifespan by 6 years. In March 1953, reconstruction of Royalist began.[5]

Following the Conservative victory in the general election of 1951, attitude towards the RN changed. Newly re-elected Prime Minister Winston Churchill supported the Royal Airforce at the cost of the navy, and its budget was cut in 1952.[10] The shift in policy undermined naval expansions by the outgoing Attlee government, and the Navy was forced to cancel upgrades of many ships.[11][12] Under these financial cuts, plans to refurbish Royalist and her sister ships were postponed for three years. In 1954, a review of the Royal Navy found that the cruiser conversions lacked "dual war and peace, [and] cold war capabilities required" for the Navy, and the program was further deprioritized.[13][14]

Transfer to Royal New Zealand Navy[edit]

In 1955, the RN was looking to offload the half-renovated and obsolete Royalist. The offer was accepted by New Zealand Prime Minister Sid Holland, who offered his nation to pay for the rest of her reconstruction.[15]

Royalist's transfer occurred when the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) was at a crossroads about its future. Internal factions within the RNZN and New Zealand government disagreed regarding the roles and doctrine of its Navy, with many unsure how a nuclear-era force should function and the importance of anti-submarine frigates.[16][17] Royalist's refurbishment cost of £4.5 million indicated the position of the Navy, as the RNZN chose to refurbish the cruiser rather than build two frigates with the same funds.[18][19]

Those in favor of buying a new cruiser believed a ship like Royalist would be able to serve an anti-aircraft role in supporting allied operations in the Pacific, alongside the RN and Royal Australian Navy.[20][21] Royalist was faster, more armed, and had better range then the Whitby-class frigates proposed to be bought instead. Furthermore, concern about Soviet cruisers raiding shipping in the South Pacific gave her the edge over the primarily ASW ships.[22]

New Zealand only covered her reconstruction costs, and did not out-right buy the ship. This was due to the RN only 'loaning' the vessel, as the RNZN was not seen as being an independent force within the British Empire. When her modifications were complete, New Zealand refused to accept the vessel, stating that the poor World War II-era sleeping arrangements and lack of ABC equipment were unsatisfactory. This soured relations between the two navies, as the RN did not appreciate perceived refusal from a subordinate.[20][21]

The ship was handed over to the Royal New Zealand Navy on 9 July 1956 following the completion of her refurbishment. Controversy over her purchase (and governmental stance) persisted, with the ship being viewed as either a white elephant or the most modern and capable vessel of the RNZN.[23]

As part of the Kiwi half of her refurbishment, Royalist was fitted with a new radar, fire control system, and three 'STAAG 2' 40 millimeter anti-air guns.[24]

HMNZS Royalist at Devonport Naval Base, 1956

Royal New Zealand Navy career[edit]

Suez Crisis[edit]

Main article: Suez Crisis

After working up in British waters, Royalist was assigned to the British fleet in the Mediterranean.

In August 1956, New Zealand Prime Minister Sidney Holland was persuaded by British Prime Minister Anthony Eden to keep Royalist in the Mediterranean as a deterrent to Egyptian or Israeli aggression.[25][26][27] Despite not operating her, the RN wanted to keep Royalist on station due to her anti-air capabilities and the threat of hostile aircraft. Following diplomatic negotiations between the two respective governments, the New Zealand Cabinet agreed to not recall the cruiser under the condition that she did not participate in combat.[citation needed]

Following British attacks on Egypt as part of Operation Musketeer (1956), Commonwealth support for the operations faltered. New Zealand soon became concerned about harming its relations with the UK by not supporting the plan and harming its relations with other global powers if it did. [28][29] Following several days of posturing in Auckland, Holland decided to order Royalist to withdraw from operations.[30][31]

As New Zealand figured out the nation's stance on the crisis, the cruiser operated with the RN fleet as an air defense radar picket, rescue ship for downed pilots, and as a method to coordinate British aircraft on bombing runs.[32][29] Later on during the crisis, the New Zealand Cabinet met again to discuss Royalist. Due to the cruiser forming an important part of the RN's anti-air defense in the area, and not wanting to harm relations further, the cabinet "decided not to decide" on her presence within the RN fleet. As such, she remained with the Royal Navy fleet yet did not participate further in Operation Musketeer.[29]

Malaya[edit]

See also: Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia

In early 1957 Royalist was involved in exercises with the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne.[33] The cruiser made two shore bombardment missions in 1957–1958 during the Malayan Emergency against suspected terrorist areas in southeast Johore, firing about 240 5.25-inch rounds.[34] In AA exercises with the British Far East Fleet in 1956–57, Royalist outperformed the (pre-war) RN Town-class cruisers, shooting down five Gloster Meteor unmanned targets and many towed targets immediately on opening fire.[35]

In 1960 Royalist underwent a major five-month refit. It was expected the cruiser would only serve another two and a half years; the New Zealand navy board was seeking loan of a third Whitby-class frigate (Type 12) from the Royal Navy[36] However the RN was only just introducing and trialling the improved Rothesay-class (Type 12M) frigates and was short of effective frigates and cruisers. In February 1964 after HMAS Voyager was lost after it collided with the aircraft carrier Melbourne, the UK offered Australia the Daring-class destroyers, Duchess (available immediately) and Defender then in mid-life refit with new MRS3 fire control.[37] Defender was available to replace Royalist from February 1965.[citation needed]

In 1962, Royalist suffered permanent damage in rough weather in the Tasman Sea with the keel twisted out of alignment. The RAN captain, determined to make Auckland for a Rugby Union test between the Wallabies and All Blacks at Eden Park, had been running the ship at excess speed into a head sea.[38] The back of the cruiser was technically broken and it could have been assessed as a 'constructive loss' and, as uneconomic to repair, scrapped.[citation needed] It would never be possible again for the cruiser's gun directors to determine the cruisers datum centreline necessary for accurate targeting.[39]

The cruiser operated with the British Far East Fleet, in three tours of duty in 1963, 1964 and 1965, during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation the crews being belatedly awarded General Service Medals for the 1963–64 tours and Operational Service Medals for active service in combat zones in 1956, 1957–1958 and 1965, finally recognised by the New Zealand government in 2000. From mid-1963, reports by the captain of Royalist noted that one of the two Mk 6/275 HALADCTs were often unserviceable, often one or two STAAGs were, while the ship's hull and lower structure was marginal requiring constant work and frequent painting, requiring an extra Asian workforce due to the construction of the cruiser out of "low-quality wartime steel", and the ship's below-deck humidity and constant temperature at a minimum of 85 °F (29 °C). The ship's modernisation had provided only for a lifespan of six years, so these conditions were expected. Effective modernisation of the ship after acquisition from the Royal Navy only amounted to several ECM/ESM updates.[citation needed]

By May 1964 the Indonesian Confrontation had escalated with Indonesian forces conducting cross-border raids in Kalimantan and landings in Borneo. The British Minister of Defence Peter Thorneycroft and Mountbatten requested the use of carriers and major units to conduct provocative passages,[40][page needed] to encourage a revolt against Sukarno and his generals. After rest and recreation in Singapore, Royalist took on 580 tons of fuel oil on 14 July 1964 and the following morning took ammunition on from lighters.[41] It left Singapore in the afternoon returning to Auckland from Singapore via the Cairns races in Queensland, transited the Carmat Straits on 15 July, Sapud on 16 July (at ABC state Yankee[jargon], at 2130 reduced to condition X Ray at 2230)[42] in the Java Sea between Jakarta and southwest Kalimantan and then ran along the coast of Java thru the night to arrive off Bail at sunrise about 6.00 am and through the Lombok Strait on 17 July 1964[43][non-primary source needed] on what was described as "routine passage"[citation needed] in the highly confidential communication to Canberra.

The two transits of the straits made the task group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious, a month apart that followed were both also described as routine passage only the second was even notified with a note from the RN naval attaché at the British embassy to the Indonesian Navy, which was a concession the track would be through Lombok not Djakarta and the major Indonesian military bases[clarification needed]. During the transit of the straits, the guns were fully manned with the crews closed up; if the cruiser had been "buzzed" by Indonesia aircraft or patrol craft, the captain was instructed to take "precautionary measures" and not train or elevate the guns or test fire them again during the deployment, a "diplomatic artifact"[citation needed] given a scenario of an undetectable possible threat of surprise long-range air-launched Kh-20 (NATO reporting name "Kangaroo") cruise missile attack from Indonesia bombers[clarification needed][44] and full ABC protection at X-Ray state 9[further explanation needed][45]

The task force was led by Victorious on 19 September 1964, with two[clarification needed] County-class guided missile destroyers (including HMS Hampshire, which replaced the cruiser HMS Lion) and the frigates HMS Dido and HMS Berwick. Victorious's assertion of the right of innocent passage by a carrier caused mass panic in Java,[46] but proved effective in establishing rights for naval passage and that Indonesia's assertion was unlikely to be outright war to stop Malaysian independence.[citation needed][relevant?]

There was considerable doubt among RNZN staff whether Royalist, which had not had a major refit since 1956, could deploy again in 1965.[citation needed] It managed to deploy again after a seven-week refit working round the clock in Devonport dockyard and work up in the Hauraki Gulf, where it managed 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) at half power. The cruiser provided a presence and superficial appearance of capability. It was judged that the fire control systems needed 12 months refit or $140,000 new 275/MK 6 HALCT[clarification needed] of new parts,[47][non-primary source needed] only two STAAG CIWS mounts were serviceable, and the two UA3 ESM systems were unreliable.[48] It was hoped the worn steam turbines could last 15 months to allow a final 1966 visit to all the New Zealand ports if "hope prevailed over fear".[citation needed]

Against most RNZN staff advice it was decided not to inform the Commander of the British Far East Fleet, of the situation as "Commander Far East has enough trouble fitting Royalist in his operational plans now with limitations on his main capability in the Confrontation War."[49][non-primary source needed] The Royal Navy was desperately overstretched during the confrontation, and keeping one carrier fully operational in the theatre at all times was difficult[50][page needed] to provide nuclear deterrence to Jakarta with the threat of potential aerial nuclear strike.[citation needed] The high-maintenance Tiger-class cruisers required far too much human and technical resources to be operated East of Suez in a complementary role for GFS and carrier escort with the Far East Fleet; HMS Lion was withdrawn after a boiler explosion on anti-infiltration patrol, and HMS Blake was put into reserve from December 1963 due to crew shortages in the RN.[citation needed] HMS Royalist was still perceived by the RN as useful and needed in Singapore; while it could not run at 25 knots with RN carrier groups launching aircraft, it could escort the amphibious carriers HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark. The RN decided that Royalist would go to Pearl Harbor for a second workup, rather than a longer refit in Devonport dockyard, before deploying to Hong Kong and Singapore in support of RN forces.

During Royalist stay at Pearl Harbor the USN staff and naval dockyard provided substantial assistance in alleviating some of the cruiser's faults and adjustments to allow the fire control system to be aligned for brief periods.[citation needed] During the subsequent workup Royalist achieved "E Excellent" for Efficiency, meaning maximum efficiency within system capability though, like all peacetime naval or weapon tests, actual effectiveness was not measured.[citation needed] During a brief spell on station at Singapore in 1965, Royalist conducted anti-infiltration patrols, boarding boats, deployed shore patrols, and participated in Exercise Guardrail as the simulated "enemy Sverdlov cruiser"[51] and provided extra men, potential heavy gunfire support, and air defence support for Bulwark on a vulnerable deployment transferring a new helicopter squadron to Borneo.[52][non-primary source needed] For the 1965 Far East tour, the crew were awarded Operational Service Medals. This reflects the general build up in tension with Indonesia, the probable use of weapons by landing parties, the higher grade of main munition preparation and the political support for the mission, but the earlier deployments of Royalist when its system were more effective were much more important in the tactical and even strategic sense.[citation needed]

The 1965 deployment was somewhat marred[citation needed] by the refusal by the New Zealand Ministry of External Affairs and British ambassadors to allow Royalist to dock with RN ships at Tokyo or Yokohama during a Royal visit by Princess Alexandra from the UK.[53] According to the Royal Navy attaché in Tokyo, the RNZN sailors "could not afford the one pound per minute price in the Ginza nightclubs."[54] The captain of Royalist, J.P. Vallant replied to the Deputy Secretary of Defence in Wellington, "..find it quaint that ... the New Zealand navy is persona non grata in Tokyo ."[55] Royalist was allowed, r & r elsewhere in Japan after New Zealand diplomats persuading local police chiefs not to curfew the RNZN crew seeking respite from the awful conditions on the old cruiser and allow the bars to open 24 hours.[56] After further shore leave in Bangkok, Singapore, and Subic Bay, Royalist returned to New Zealand, after a valiant repair of a milking boiler and turbine en route. It was unable to make its final scheduled 1966 visit for Waitangi Day (6 February) and tour of the New Zealand ports, and was effectively paid off five months early.

Decommissioning and fate[edit]

Royalist was paid off on 4 June 1966 and, after eleven years in the RNZN, reverted to Royal Navy control in 1967. She was sold for scrap to the Nissho Company of Japan in November 1967. She was towed from Auckland to Osaka on 31 December 1967 and scrapped upon arrival.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ five British escort carriers - Attacker, Emperor, Khedive, Searcher, and Pursuer
  2. ^ two more British escort carriers and two US carriers and supporting British cruisers and US destroyers
  3. ^ As part of Mitre, in the Battle of the Malacca Strait a force of five Royal Navy destroyers intercepted the Japanese cruiser Haguro and the destroyer Kamikaze evacuating troops from Port Blair in the Andaman Islands
  4. ^ the other three were HMS Diadem, Sirius and Cleopatra

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Raven & Roberts 1980, pp. 294, 324.
  2. ^ a b c Mason 2004
  3. ^ Mason, 2011
  4. ^ ADM 116/5632. p 124-9 & 175-93, Friedman 2010 p 284, Walters, 2019 p.233
  5. ^ a b McDougal, R. J. (1989). NZ Naval Vessels. GP Books. p. 32.
  6. ^ Friedman 2010, p. 284
  7. ^ M. Wright. Blue Water Kiwis. NZ Naval Story (2001) Reed. Auckland, p146-8.
  8. ^ Friedman, N (2015). British Battleships 1906-1946. Barnsley: Seaforth. pp. 338–9.
  9. ^ Walters 2019, pp. 231–3
  10. ^ Seldon, 1981. pp 314–20
  11. ^ Hodges, Peter; Friedman, Norman (2003) [1979], Destroyer Weapons of World War 2, London: Conway, pp. 101–03
  12. ^ Marland, P (2014), "Post War Fire Control in the RN", Warship 2014, London: Conway, p. 14
  13. ^ Seldon, 1981, p. 315
  14. ^ T. Benbow. The RN & Sea Power British Strategy 1945-55. Inst Historical Research. University of London (2018)
  15. ^ McIntosh papers, A36 folder, letter 5/7/1956, NZ London HC diplomat Frank Corner letter to NZ Foreign Affairs, CE McIntosh in Tempelton, Malcolm (1994). Ties of Blood and Empire: New Zealand's Involvement in Middle East Defence and the Suez Crisis. Auckland: AUP. pp. 124, p253, footnote 8/(5).
  16. ^ New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 24 March 1955, pp. 21–22
  17. ^ Holland. New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 24 March 1955, pp. 12-21
  18. ^ Pugsley. 2003 p. 46
  19. ^ Pugsley 2003, p. 422, note 41
  20. ^ a b P. Dennerly. First to the Flag. Biography of Vice Admiral Peter Phipps in Maritime Dimensions in the Asian Pacific Region. RNZN Museum. 2004. Auckland, pp. 122-3
  21. ^ a b RY257/182 9 April 1956
  22. ^ Clarke, Alex (12 May 2014), "Sverdlov Class Cruisers and the Royal Navy Response", GlobalMaritimeHistory.com, retrieved 3 November 2015
  23. ^ "Royalist home for Christmas", NZ Weekly News, Auckland: Wilson & Hooton, p. 31, 26 December 1956
  24. ^ G. M. Stephens. British Warship Design. Ian Allan. London (1986) p. 84
  25. ^ PRO:CAB 134//216.E(56) 12/8/56
  26. ^ Pearson, J (2005). Antony Eden and the Suez Crisis. Reluctant Gamble. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 49–56.
  27. ^ AP 20/25/7 PMPT T331/56/ no353 Eden to Holland 4 Aug 1956
  28. ^ P. Lyons. "The old Commonwealth. The first four Dominions" in M. Howard & R. Louis. The Oxford History of the 20c, OUP (1998) Oxford, p300
  29. ^ a b c Kyle 1991, pp. 394–395
  30. ^ Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. p. 70. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
  31. ^ Gustafson (1998). History of the NZ National Party. Wellington. p. 70.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  32. ^ Hobbs 2015, pp. 173–4 & 187
  33. ^ "HMAS Melbourne (II)". Sea Power Centre. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  34. ^ Pugsley. 2003, p. 50
  35. ^ Pugsley, 2003, p. 49
  36. ^ D. Fairfax. "Frigates" & G. McLean "RNZN History" in I. McGibbon. Companion to NZ Military History. OUP.(2000) Auckland, pp. 186-7 & 467
  37. ^ HMAS Duchess. Australian Seapower History. RAN. Retrieved 6-5-2020. Canberra.
  38. ^ Bradley, I. (2004). Don't Rock the Boat. Auckland. pp. 122–3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  39. ^ Carl, Captain C. (RNZN) (retd) (2002). Throw me a Line. Auckland: Holos Books (OTM). p. 112.
  40. ^ D. Easter. Britain and the Confrontation with Indonesia, 1960-66. Taurus. NY. London (2012)
  41. ^ Log HMNZS Royalist 14/07/1964. NZ Nat Archives. Wellington
  42. ^ Log HMNZS Royalist 16/7/1964
  43. ^ NCB 083-PL 70R 18762 RLA 8-7-64
  44. ^ Log of HMS Royalist. 1964. NZ National Archives and ret Rear Admiral Hunter (notes) re 1964 Potential OP service Award NZMDF 2006 report
  45. ^ Log of HMS Royalist 1964
  46. ^ Roberts, 2009, p. 51
  47. ^ Reports and Returns. Mod Pre & Post refit trials ;(1) 1955–64 & (2) 1965 Rc 72/1/10,
  48. ^ Reports & Returns, Mod & Refit.1965. 72/1/10,
  49. ^ Reports & Returns. Mod & Refit. 1955-64 & 65. 72/1/10
  50. ^ Twiss & Bailey, 1996
  51. ^ Pugsley 2003, p. 245
  52. ^ HMNZS Royalist 1965 Log & Pugsley. 2003. notes 121 &122. HMS Royalist Proceedings 1965. RNZN Museum, Devonport, Auckland
  53. ^ Reports & Returns. HMNZS Royalist. R 72/1/10 1965. NZ National Archives, Wellington, NZ (Open access)
  54. ^ Reports & Return. HMNZS Royalist. 1965. NZ National Archives. R 72/1/10 Wellington, NZ.
  55. ^ Cpt. J. P. Vallant. HMNZS Royalist. Reports & Returns. 1965. 72/1/10.
  56. ^ Reports & Returns. HMNZS Royalist. 1965. R 72/1/10

Bibliography[edit]

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External links[edit]

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