Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Coordinates: 32°51′56″N 117°15′13″W / 32.865437°N 117.253626°W / 32.865437; -117.253626
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Not to be confused with other organizations named Scripps.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Former names
Marine Biological Association of San Diego
Scripps Institution for Biological Research[1]
TypePublic
Established1903
Parent institution
University of California San Diego
DirectorMargaret Leinen[2]
Academic staff
415[3]
Administrative staff
800[3]
Postgraduates350[3]
Location
La Jolla
,
California
,
US

32°51′56″N 117°15′13″W / 32.865437°N 117.253626°W / 32.865437; -117.253626
Websitescripps.ucsd.edu

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) is the center for oceanography and Earth science based at the University of California, San Diego. Its main campus is located in La Jolla, with additional facilities in Point Loma.

Founded in 1903 and incorporated into the University of California system in 1912, the institution has since broadened its research focus to encompass the physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and climate of the Earth. The institution awards the Nierenberg Prize annually to recognize researchers with exceptional contributions to science in public interest.[4]

History[edit]

The original Scripps marine biological laboratory, 1910

Founding[edit]

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography can trace its beginnings back to William Ritter, a biologist originally from Wisconsin. In 1891, Ritter was offered a job teaching biology at the University of California, Berkeley and married Mary Bennett.[5] Their honeymoon and subsequent biological studies took them to San Diego, where Ritter met a local physician and naturalist, Dr. Fred Baker, who would later encourage him to build a marine biological laboratory in San Diego.[6][7]

Ritter searched for eleven years for an appropriate place for a permanent marine biological laboratory. He spent summers at various places along the coast with students. His goal was frustrated by lack of money and lack of an appropriate place.[7] During this time, research was being conducted at the boathouse of the Hotel del Coronado on San Diego Bay.

In 1903 Ritter was introduced to newspaper magnate E. W. Scripps. Together with Scripps' half-sister Ellen Browning Scripps, and Dr. Baker, they formed the Marine Biological Association of San Diego with Ritter as the Scientific Director.[8] They fully funded the institution for its first decade. E. W. Scripps gave the biological association the use of his yacht, the Loma, in 1904 and served as the first research vessel in the history of the institution. In 1905, they moved to a small laboratory in La Jolla Cove until they arranged for the purchase of a 170-acre (0.69 km2) site in La Jolla, north of San Diego. The land was purchased for $1,000 at a public auction from the city of San Diego (the same site where the SIO main campus is today).[5] However, construction cost estimates for a permeant building were around $50,000. Funding was secured through E. W. and E. B. Scripps, and the first permanent building (today known as the Old Scripps Building) was constructed in 1910.[9]

The Marine Biological Association's first seafaring vessel, the Loma, would run aground in Point Loma in 1906 and prompted the search for a new one. With funds secured from Ellen Browning Scripps, the association was able to have a ship built by Lawrence Jensen strictly for oceanographic research - among the first for an American nongovernmental institution.[10] The new vessel was acquired on April 21st, 1907 and was named the Alexander Agassiz after the Harvard biologist who had visited in 1905.

In 1912 the Biological Association became incorporated into the University of California and was renamed the Scripps Institution for Biological Research.[11]

Ellen Browning Scripps Memorial Pier

The first iteration of the Scripps Pier, along with other buildings, was approved for construction in 1913, but was only completed in 1916 due to delays related to World War I. In 1915, the first building devoted solely to an aquarium was built on the Scripps campus. The small, wooden structure contained 19 tanks ranging in size from 96 to 228 U.S. gallons (360 to 860 L). The oceanographic museum was located in a nearby building. Since the pier was completed in 1916, measurements have been taken daily.[12] The modern Scripps pier was built as a replacement for the 1916 structure in 1988.[13]

The institution's name changed to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (often shortened to just SIO) in October of 1925 to recognize the growing faculty's widened range of studies.[11]

In 1935, SIO director T. Wayland Vaughan was the first Scripps member to be awarded the Alexander Agassiz Medal by the National Academy of Sciences.[14] Harald Sverdrup would be awarded the medal 3 years later, beginning a long history of Scripps oceanographers being awarded the prize (Johnson in 1959, Revelle in 1963, and many more).

In November, 1936, the research vessel Scripps was sunk when there was an explosion in the galley, killing the cook and injuring the captain.[15] The sinking of the Scripps left SIO without a research vessel, so SIO director Sverdrup approached the UC president Robert Gordon Sproul and Bob Scripps (son of E.W and Ellen) to acquire a new one.[7] They found Bob's pleasure yacht, Novia Del Mar, ill-fitting for the science roles performed by the Scripps, and purchased a different yacht from actor Lewis Stone in April 1937. The Serena was rechristened E. W. Scripps and was presented to SIO in December 1937. The E. W. Scripps would be quintessential for Sverdrup to build datasets supporting simple theories of ocean circulation, including the Sverdrup balance.[16]

Wartime[edit]

When WWII broke out Scripps created The University of California Division of War Research (UCDWR) in Point Loma, focusing on acoustics and waves to support the US Navy.[17][18] Collaborative research between the UCDWR and the Navy led to the discovery of the deep scattering layer, a region from 300 - 500 m deep filled with organisms.[19] The UCDWR would continue to research sound beacons and sonar until being absorbed into the Navy Electronics Laboratory and Scripps Marine Physical Laboratory between 1945 and 1948.[17]

With Harald Sverdrup as the SIO director, recent graduate student Walter Munk was recalled from the army and together they were tasked with aiding Allied amphibious landings off the coast of Africa.[20] The goal was to predict coastal surf and sea state for Allied landings in Africa, though their model was also applied to the Allied landings in Normandy, Sicily, and in the Pacific.[21] Though Sverdrup was initially intending on holding the position of SIO director for only 3 years until 1939, Nazi occupation of Norway prolonged his assumption of the role until 1948.[19][22]

It was during 1942 that Sverdrup, along with Martin Johnson and Richard Fleming, completed the first comprehensive textbook of oceanography, The Oceans.[22] The textbook was considered a first of its kind and of such military importance that it was forbidden from distribution outside of the United States.

SIO's first scientific diver was biologist Cheng Kwai Tseng, who used equipment to collect algae off the coast of San Diego in 1944.[23][24]

The Golden Age of Oceanography and The Establishment of UCSD[edit]

A view of Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 2011, taken from the Birch Aquarium.

Following the war, the Navy bestowed a number of vessels to SIO ushering in a "Golden Age" of oceanographic research and discoveries. Between 1947 and 1949 three post-war vessels were acquired and modified for scientific research: The Crest, Paolina-T, and Horizon.[25][26] This, combined with the overlap of the newly-established Office of Naval Research (ONR) in 1946, provided additional expertise and resources for ocean exploration.[27] The three new vessels were put to work on the new Marine Life Research Program in 1950, which sought to investigate the collapse of the California sardine population. In doing so, approximately 670,000 square miles of ocean would need to be surveyed.

When the Aqua-Lung was made available in the US in 1948, UCLA graduates Conrad Limbaugh and Andy Rechnitzer were able to convince Boyd W. Walker, their marine biology advisor at the time, to purchase one. Together, they introduced the Aqua-Lung to SIO in 1950 (with Limbaugh studying under Dr. Carl Hubbs) and began the Scripps Diving Program.[24][28] Following a diving fatality at La Jolla in 1950, Director Roger Revelle requested that Limbaugh develop a SCUBA training program for SIO, which debuted in 1951 and was heavily influenced by practices of the U.S. Navy's Underwater Demolition Team. It was also during this time that Hugh Bradner, a physicist at UC Berkeley, became an advisor at SIO and developed the wetsuit in 1952. Dr. Bradner would go on to become a professor at SIO's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics in 1961.[24] The SIO Diving Program would continue to innovate and expand up to more than 160 affiliated divers in 2015.[29]

The Scripps Aquarium-Museum opened in 1951 and named to honor former institution director T. Wayland Vaughan. The three-story facility served the institution for more than 40 years. A ring of 18 tanks, the largest at 2,000 U.S. gallons (7,600 L), surrounded a central museum of glass exhibit cases displaying Scripps research projects. Within a month of its opening, visitors from all 48 states had signed the guest book.

In 1959, an additional administration building was constructed next to the original 1910 building, named the "New Scripps" building. Campus construction expanded with the completion of the Sumner Auditorium and Sverdrup Hall in 1960.[25]

Scripps Institution of Oceanography director Roger Revelle spearheaded the formation of the University of California, San Diego in 1960 on a bluff overlooking Scripps Institution, with SIO acting as the nucleus.[7][30]

In 1965, Scripps began leasing 6 acres of land in Point Loma to tie up research vessels, including the RP Flip, from the US Navy.[10] The navy gave this land to Scripps in 1975 and the facility was named the Nimitz Marine Facility (or MarFac) after Chester Nimitz.

On October 25, 1973, California Sea Grant became a college (National Sea Grant College Program) administered by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.[31][32]

International Projects and Modern History[edit]

The entry to Scripps campus along La Jolla Shores Drive

The Old Scripps Building, designed by Irving Gill, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982.[9][33] Architect Barton Myers designed the current Scripps Building for the Institution of Oceanography in 1998.

In 2007, the family and wife of late Roger Revelle donated 2.5 million dollars toward the Roger Revelle Chair endowed position,[34] which Shang-Ping Xie now holds.

In 2014, SIO received a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to test the use of biofuels on one of its ships, the Robert Gordon Sproul.[35] The vessel operated from September 2014 to December 2015 on 100% biofuels which reduced nitrous oxide emissions, but increased particle emissions. However, the fuel source provided a proof of concept that research operations could be completed using biofuels rather than conventional diesel.

2014 was also the first year of cruises for the international GO-SHIP program, a repeat hydrography program focusing on straight transects across major ocean basins and a follow-up to WOCE. Scripps, along with NOAA as the sole American members of the science committee, has overseen and advised many expeditions to contribute to the global data set.[36][37]

In 2019, Scripps received $1.2 million of philanthropic funding for a 42-foot research vessel, named after Dr. John Beyster and his wife Betty.[38]

2023 Graduate Protests[edit]

In May 2023, the Scripps campus in La Jolla opened the Ted and Jean Scripps Marine Conservation and Technology Facility.[39][40] The building required the razing of 3 older buildings originally constructed in 1963 and reinforcing of the nearby hillside in 2014.[41] A month later, the building was vandalized in a protest against low graduate student wages. In June 2023, two SIO students and one recent graduate were arrested at their homes by University of California Police and held in custody overnight.[42] The University alleged $12,000 in damages related to this incident.[43] Union leadership in UAW 2865 and 5810, the local union chapters representing the arrested workers, accuse the University of California of retaliation[44] and reneging on the contracts signed at the conclusion of the 2022 UC academic workers' strike.[45] On July 10, 2023, hundreds of protesters gathered at San Diego's Central Courthouse to protest the arrests, however in a written statement the San Diego District Attorney's office said the arraignment would not move forward because the case had not been submitted to its office for review.[46][47] However, university officials have up to three years to file charges and on July 18, 2023 UCPD obtained a warrant and searched a fourth student's house for evidence of chalk or union affiliation in relation to the May 30 incident.[48]

Research programs[edit]

The institution's research programs encompass biological, physical, chemical, geological, and geophysical studies of the oceans and land. Scripps also studies the interaction of the oceans with both the atmospheric climate and environmental concerns on terra firma. Related to this research, Scripps offers undergraduate and graduate degrees.[49]

Today, the Scripps staff of 1,300 includes approximately 235 faculty, 180 other scientists and some 350 graduate students, with an annual budget of more than $281 million.[50] The institution operates a fleet of four oceanographic research vessels.[51]

Research themes[edit]

Scripps follows a number of interdisciplinary research themes:[52]

  • Climate change impacts and adaption
  • Resilience to hazards
  • Human health and the oceans
  • Innovative technology
  • Polar science
  • Biodiversity and conservation
  • National security

CalCOFI program[edit]

Main article: CalCOFI

The California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) program, established in 1949, is an ongoing partnership between SIO, NOAA Fisheries, and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to study sardine population collapse and the marine environment off the coast of Southern California.[53] Data are collected on routine research cruises and are able to be compared over many decades in a large service area.[54]

The Keeling Curve[edit]

Main article: Keeling Curve

The Keeling Curve is the longest-running time series of atmospheric CO2, beginning in 1958.[55][56] Spearheaded by Charles David Keeling, SIO established a research center in Mauna Loa, Hawaii to record atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Since then, SIO researchers have expanded the dataset into numerous other sampling locations and analytical parameters to monitor climate change.[57]

Organizational structure[edit]

Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at sea

Research Sections[edit]

Scripps Oceanography is divided into three research sections, each with its own subdivisions:[58]

Directors[edit]

Margaret Leinen took office as the Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Vice Chancellor for Marine Sciences, and Dean of the Graduate School of Marine Sciences on October 1, 2013.[59]

List of Prior SIO Directors[60]

Director Years Serving
William E. Ritter 1912-1923
Thomas W. Vaughan 1923-1936
Harald U. Sverdrup 1936-1948
Carl Eckart 1948-1950
Roger Revelle 1951-1964
Fred N. Speiss 1964-1965
William A. Nierenberg 1965-1986
Edward A. Frieman 1986-1996
Charles F. Kennel 1998-2006
Tony Haymet 2006-2012

Research vessels[edit]

Scripps research vessel Roger Revelle

Scripps owns and operates several research vessels and platforms:[61][62][63][64]

Current and previous vessels larger than 50 ft (15 m)

Year Acquired by SIO Retired from SIO Name Notes
1904 1906 RV Loma Pilot boat, ran aground in Point Loma
1907 1917 RV Alexander Agassiz Schooner
1918 1918 RV Ellen Browning
1925 1936 RV Scripps Converted from a fishing vessel, exploded in 1936
1937 1955 RV E. W. Scripps
1955 1965 RV Stranger Operated as USS Jasper from 1941 to 1947 for the UC Division of War Research
1947 1956 RV Crest
1947 1969 RV Horizon
1948 1965 RV Paolina-T
1949 1968 RV Horizon
1951 1965 RV Spencer F. Baird
1955 1969 T-441
1956 1962 RV Orca
1959 1963 RV Hugh M. Smith
1959 1970 RV Argo Official Navy name was Snatch
1962 1976 RV Alexander Agassiz
1962 2023 RP FLIP Designated RP as a Research Platform
1962 1974 RV Oconostota The Oconostota was known as "The Rolling O" because of its unpleasant motion
1965 1980 RV Alpha Helix Transferred to University of Alaska, Fairbanks in 1980, sold in 2007 to Stabbert Maritime
1965 1984 RV Ellen B. Scripps
1966 1992 RV Thomas Washington Transferred to Chile and renamed Vidal Gormaz. Scrapped 2012
1969 2014 RV Melville Transferred to the Philippines in 2016 and renamed Gregorio Velasquez
1973 RV Gianna
1978 2015 RV New Horizon
1984 Present RV Robert Gordon Sproul
1995 Present RV Roger Revelle
2016 Present RV Sally Ride
2019 Present RV Bob and Betty Beyster 42-feet long

Hybrid Hydrogen Research Vessel[edit]

In 2021, Scripps was awarded $35 million for the development of a new coastal research vessel as a replacement for the RV Robert Gordon Sproul, in service since 1984.[65] The proposed vessel would be 125 feet long and take 3 years to build, becoming the first hybrid-hydrogen research vessel in the UNOLS fleet and aiding in the University of California's Carbon Neutrality Initiative. Scripps chose Seattle-based architect Glosten as the ship's designer, having work experience from numerous other SIO vessels.[66][67] It is expected that the research vessel will operate on hydrogen power for 75% of its operations.

Birch Aquarium at Scripps[edit]

Birch Aquarium at Scripps, with the Village of La Jolla in the background
Main article: Birch Aquarium at Scripps

Birch Aquarium at Scripps, the public exploration center for the institution, features a Hall of Fishes with more than 60 tanks of Pacific fishes and invertebrates from the cold waters of the Pacific Northwest to the tropical waters of Mexico and the IndoPacific, a 13,000-gallon local shark and ray exhibit, interactive tide pools, and interactive science exhibits.[68]

Notable faculty members (past and present)[edit]

Notable alumni[edit]

Popular culture[edit]

In 2014, the institution and its Keeling Curve measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were featured as a plot point in an episode of HBO's The Newsroom.[71] In 2008, Scripps Institution of Oceanography was the subject of a category on the TV game show Jeopardy!.[72] Scripps has been a story element in numerous fictional works.[73]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Scripps history.
  2. ^ "Director's Biography". 2022-01-01.
  3. ^ a b c "About Scripps Oceanography". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  4. ^ "Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  5. ^ a b Bennet Ritter, Mary (1939). More than Gold in California : 1849-1933.
  6. ^ Reed, Christina; Cannon, William J. (2009). Marine Science: Decade by Decade. Facts On File, Inc. p. 25. ISBN 9780816055340.
  7. ^ a b c d Raitt, Helen; Moulton, Beatrice (1967). Scripps Institution of Oceanography: First Fifty Years. W. Ritchie Press. ISBN 1111198756.
  8. ^ Shragge, Abraham J.; Dietze, Kay (Spring 2003). "Character, Vision, and Creativity: The Extraordinary Confluence of Forces that Gave Rise to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography". Journal of San Diego History. 49 (2).
  9. ^ a b "Old Scripps Building". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  10. ^ a b Noble Shor, Elizabeth (1978). Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Probing the Oceans 1936 to 1976. Tofua Press. ISBN 091448818X.
  11. ^ a b <ref name="aqua_history">"History". ucsd.ed. University of California at San Diego. Archived from the original on June 5, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
  12. ^ Graff, Amy (15 August 2018). "81-degree reading likely sets record for highest temperature ever measured in California waters". SFGate. San Francisco. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  13. ^ "Pier | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  14. ^ "Alexander Agassiz Medal". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  15. ^ "November 14, 1936: Blast sinks Scripps research ship". San Diego Union-Tribune. 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  16. ^ William A. Nierenberg (1996). "Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, biographical memoir" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  17. ^ a b "Processing Record, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives: University of California Division of War Research" (PDF). Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  18. ^ Faurot, Tyler (2022-11-13). "Scripps Oceanography's Point Loma port continues tradition of being on the cutting edge of seagoing research". La Jolla Light. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  19. ^ a b Inman, Douglas (2003). "Scripps in the 1940s: The Sverdrup Era". Oceanography. 16 (3): 20–28. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2003.26. ISSN 1042-8275.
  20. ^ "Obituary Notice: Walter Munk, World-Renowned Oceanographer, Revered Scientist". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. February 8, 2019. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  21. ^ Wunsch, Carl (2019-02-28). "Walter Munk (1917-2019)". Nature. 567 (7747): 176. Bibcode:2019Natur.567..176W. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00750-5.
  22. ^ a b William A. Nierenberg (1996). "Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, biographical memoir" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  23. ^ "History Of Scripps Scientific Diving Program | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  24. ^ a b c Hanauer, Eric (2003). "Scripps Centennial Scientific Diving at Scripps" (PDF). Oceanography. 16 (3). doi:10.5670/oceanog.2003.36.
  25. ^ a b Shor, Elizabeth (1983). "Scripps In the 1950s". The Journal of San Diego History. 29 (4).
  26. ^ Mackin-Solomon, Ashley (2021-06-01). "New book documents Scripps Oceanography's founding, 'golden age' and present day research". La Jolla Light. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  27. ^ 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 (PDF). NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS. 2000. ISBN 0-309-06398-1.
  28. ^ Price, Mary (2008). A BIOGRAPHY OF CONRAD LIMBAUGH (PDF) (published 2 May 2008).
  29. ^ Brueggeman, Peter (January 2016). "Scientific Diving at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, a Concise History". Mains'l Haul, A Journal of Pacific Maritime History. 52 (1): 8–21 – via ResearchGate.
  30. ^ Shahbandi, Niloufar. "UCSD Turns 60 Years Old". The UCSD Guardian. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  31. ^ "California". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  32. ^ "History". California Sea Grant. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  33. ^ James H. Charleton (February 12, 1982). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Scripps, George H., Memorial Marine Biological Laboratory / Old Scripps Building" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-06-22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) and Accompanying 10 or so photos, exterior and interior, from 1977, 1980, and undated (2.83 MB)
  34. ^ Clark, Cindy (2007-05-22). "Revelle Family Endows UC San Diego Chair Honoring Roger Revelle, World-Renowned Oceanographer & Leader in Climate Change Research | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  35. ^ Hook, Brittany (7 June 2016). "Around the Pier: A Noble Experiment | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu.
  36. ^ "GO-SHIP SC". www.go-ship.org.
  37. ^ Roemmich, Dean; Talley, Lynne; Zilberman, Nathalie; Osborne, Emily; Johnson, Kenneth; Barbero, Leticia; Bittig, Henry; Briggs, Nathan; Fassbender, Andrea; Johnson, Gregory; King, Brian; McDonagh, Elaine; Purkey, Sarah; Riser, Stephen; Suga, Toshio; Takeshita, Yui; Thierry, Virginie; Wijffels, Susan (1 December 2021). "The Technological, Scientific, and Sociological Revolution of Global Subsurface Ocean Observing". Oceanography: 2–8. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-02.
  38. ^ Wood, Lauren Fimbres (2019-02-21). "New Research Vessel Bob and Betty Beyster to Arrive at Scripps Institution of Oceanography Thanks to Private Support | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  39. ^ Mackin-Solomon, Ashley (May 28, 2023). "UCSD opening new Marine Conservation and Technology Facility at Scripps Oceanography". La Jolla Light.
  40. ^ Wood, Lauren Fimbres (2023-06-05). "UC San Diego Celebrates Opening of the Ted and Jean Scripps Marine Conservation and Technology Facility | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  41. ^ Huard, Ray. "Scripps Opens $52M Marine Research Center". San Diego Business Journal.
  42. ^ https://www.kpbs.org/staff/mg-perez (2023-07-01). "UC San Diego student workers arrested after allegations of conspiracy and vandalism". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved 2023-07-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  43. ^ "UC San Diego Statement via University Communications". today.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  44. ^ "The University of California Is Escalating Its Crackdown on Dissent". In These Times. 2023-07-04. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  45. ^ Lucas, Peter (2023-07-11). "California Grad Students Won a Historic Strike. UC San Diego Is Striking Back With Misconduct Allegations and Arrests". The Intercept. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  46. ^ Sridhar • •, Priya (2023-07-10). "UC San Diego students, alum accused of felony for 'chalking' slogans on campus". NBC 7 San Diego. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  47. ^ https://www.kpbs.org/staff/city-news-service (2023-07-11). "Crowd gathers at downtown SD courthouse in protest of UCSD student worker arrests". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved 2023-07-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  48. ^ "https://twitter.com/uaw2865/status/1681761772448133120?s=20". Twitter. Retrieved 2023-07-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  49. ^ "Education". scripps.ucsd.edu. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
  50. ^ "Mission and Quick Facts | Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
  51. ^ "Ships". scripps.ucsd.edu. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
  52. ^ "Research | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. 2024-06-27. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  53. ^ "CalCOFI Program Overview". calcofi.com. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  54. ^ Sullivan Brennan, Deborah (2019-08-05). "Research cruise off California finds life lacking in parts of the ocean". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  55. ^ "The Keeling Curve". The Keeling Curve. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  56. ^ "The Early Keeling Curve | Scripps CO2 Program". scrippsco2.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  57. ^ Keeling, Charles D.; Whorf, T. P. (2004). "Atmospheric CO2 from Continuous Air Samples at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, U.S.A." Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
  58. ^ "Research Sections". 2013-05-16.
  59. ^ "Director's Biography". 2022-01-01.
  60. ^ "Past Directors". scripps.ucsd.edu.
  61. ^ Noble Shor, Elizabeth (1978). Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Probing the Oceans 1936 to 1976. Tofua Press. ISBN 091448818X.
  62. ^ SIO Timeline, from SIO Archives, UCSD online collection. Shor, E., Scripps in the 1950s: A Decade of Bluewater Oceanography, Journal of San Diego History, v29:4, 1983. Shor, E., SIO: Probing the oceans 1936–1976, Tofua Press, San Diego, 1978.
  63. ^ "The Centennial of The University of California, 1868-1968". oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  64. ^ "Historical List of all UNOLS Vessels | UNOLS". www.unols.org. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  65. ^ Wood, Lauren Fimbres (2021-07-23). "UC San Diego Receives $35 Million in State Funding for New California Coastal Research Vessel | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  66. ^ Dokso, Anela (2023-11-14). "Hydrogen-Hybrid Vessel to Transform Marine Research". Energy News.
  67. ^ Wood, Lauren Fimbres (2022-08-02). "Naval Architect Selected for UC San Diego's New California Coastal Hybrid-Hydrogen Research Vessel | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  68. ^ "BIRCH AQUARIUM AT SCRIPPS: PRESS ROOM".
  69. ^ "Klaus Hasselmann". Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  70. ^ J. Baylor Roberts, "An Artist Fashions Replicas of Strange Sea Dwellers" a photograph accompanying "La Jolla, a Gem of the California Coast" National Geographic (December 1952).
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  73. ^ "Scripps Institution of Oceanography". EScholarship.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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