Aujourd'hui
Aujourd'hui (French: [oʒuʁdɥi], Today) was a daily newspaper in Vichy France. It was founded by journalist Henri Jeanson,[1] who edited the publication during the autumn of 1940.[2] After Jeanson was arrested and forced out of the editorial staff, he was replaced by managing editor Georges Suarez, who four years later became the first public figure in France to be tried and executed as a collaborationist.[3][4][5]
Background[edit]
During the exodus of 1940, Paris newspapers had ceased publication, with several prominent dailies such as Le Temps, Le Figaro, and Paris-Match refusing to return to the German-occupied zone despite reassurances.[3] In their absence, the Propagandastaffel helped to launch several newspapers immediately after entering Paris and following the armistice of 22 June 1940.[2]
As more journalists started to return to Paris, several more newspapers were established, which appeared less obviously fed by the German authorities.[2]
Formation[edit]
Otto Abetz, functioning as the de facto German ambassador to Vichy France, was tasked with controlling the press.[3] In an effort to reinvigorate the Paris literary scene, he approached journalist Henri Jeanson to start a literary newspaper that would rival La Gerbe.[3]
Jeanson was well known as a pacifist who had opposed war with Germany, leading to his arrest in 1939 for the "defeatism" he had expressed in his article, "No, mon Daladier, we won't go to your war".[2] At the same time, he had avoided taking a pro-German stance and had even written an editorial defending Herschel Grynszpan, the Jewish teenager who had killed Ernst vom Rath at the German embassy in Paris, in retaliation for the treatment of Jews.[2]
Jeanson's profile had risen after he had resigned from the satirical weekly Le Canard enchaîné, objecting to the newspaper's Communist sympathies, and had worked on the screenplay for the popular 1937 film Pépé le Moko.[3] Author David Pryce-Jones has called seeking out an editor with Jeanson's reputation as a "clever calculation on the part of Abetz".[3]
Initial launch[edit]
The first issue of Aujourd'hui newspaper appeared on 10 September 1940,[4] delayed by a month due to an argument with the censor.[3] With Jeanson as editor-in-chief, Aujourd'hui sought to adopt a liberal political orientation,[4] making it an exception among Paris newspapers, which had adopted a pro-German tone.[2] Sponsored by the owner of the Ambassador Theatre in Paris,[6] the newspaper was aimed at literary and theater circles.[2]
Henri Jeanson had initially been told that he could choose his own editorial staff, with assurances that they would be immune from censorship.[3] Surrounding himself with his friends, the image of Aujourd'hui when it launched was "impertinent, populist or boulevardier".[6] The team he assembled included the poet Robert Desnos; writer Marcel Aymé; essayist Léon-Paul Fargue; writer Henry Poulaille; playwright Jean Anouilh; Jean Galtier-Boissière, the former editor of the satirical weekly Crapouillot; cartoonist Guérin; and Marcel Carné, who went on to become a successful filmmaker.[3][6]
Critical of Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval meeting with Hitler at Montoire-sur-le-Loir, Aujourd'hui editor Jeanson entered into a "war of words" with editor Marcel Déat at rival newspaper L'Œuvre, which was more closely aligned with the Germans.[2] Within six weeks of launch, Jeanson was ordered to write an editorial expressing his commitment to collaboration, but he refused,[3] and was subsequently arrested and forced out of the newspaper.[4] The first incarnation of Aujourd'hui thus concluded on 10 November 1940.[6]
Change in leadership[edit]
From 3 December 1940, Aujourd'hui was led by managing editor Georges Suarez, who was more amenable to the influence of the Propagandastaffel, with Robert Perrier as editor-in-chief.[4][2] From that point onward, the newspaper adopted a firmly collaborationist stance,[4] despite Suarez himself having written anti-German books prior to the war.[3]
Suarez was reportedly paid handsomely to promote collaboration, and affirm that citizens had a moral duty to inform on members of the resistance.[7] He repeatedly called for more executions of Jews and Communists,[7] and argued in his editorials that Jews and Anglo-Saxons should be taken hostage to stop Allied forces from bombing France.[5]
Resistance[edit]
In this environment, Robert Desnos took pains to remain silent on what he could not say in a Pétainist newspaper, or to make oblique statements, without contradicting his own political views.[4]
Aftermath[edit]
On 23 October 1944, managing director Georges Suarez was sentenced to death as a collaborationist in the first treason trial held by the Special Court of Justice of the Seine Department.[8] He was accused of attacking the Allies, supporting the German execution of hostages, and condemning members of the resistance.[5]
Suarez was executed by firing squad on 9 November 1944.[9]
Main contributors[edit]
Robert Desnos, Félicien Challaye, Achille Dauphin-Meunier, Jean Anouilh, Marcel Aymé, Léon-Paul Fargue et André Juin.
Related pages[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Scriven, Michael (1996). "Sartre and the Nizan Affair". Sartre Studies International. 2 (1): 19–39. JSTOR 23510914.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gordon, Bertram M. (1980). Collaborationism in France during the Second World War. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 83–86. ISBN 0801412633.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pryce-Jones, David (1981). Paris in the Third Reich: A history of the German occupation, 1940–1944. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. pp. 47, 52–53. ISBN 0-03-045621-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dumas, Marie-Claire (1985). "Préface". Mines de rien (in French). Le Temps qu'il fait. pp. 7–12. ISBN 2-86853-018-4.
- ^ a b c Kaplan, Alice Yaeger (2000). The Collaborator: The Trial & Execution of Robert Brasillach. University of Chicago Press. p. 80. ISBN 0226424146.
- ^ a b c d Ory, Pascal (1980). Les collaborateurs, 1940–1945 (in French). Paris: Seuil. p. 71. ISBN 2-02-005427-2.
- ^ a b Novick, Peter (1968). The Resistance Versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 162. LCCN 68-14772.
- ^ "CHRONOLOGY". Current History. 7 (40): 513–548. 1944. JSTOR 45306623.
- ^ "CHRONOLOGY". Current History. 8 (41): 73–96. January 1945. JSTOR 45306642.